The Industrial Revolution in America

Also check the bibliographies for references on specific trades and metalworking and metallurgy.

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No author. (1840). British mechanic's and labourer's handbook, and true guide to the United States. C. Knight and Co., London.

Abbot, Charles Greeley. (1932). Great inventions. In: Abbot, Charles Greeley, Ed. Smithsonian Scientific Series: Volume 12. Smithsonian Institution Series, Inc., NY, NY. IS.

Adamson, Rolf. (1969). Swedish iron exports to the United States, 1783-1860. Scandinavian Economic History Review. 17. W.

Alexander, John Henry (1840). Report on the manufacture of iron: Addressed to the governor of Maryland by J.H. Alexander, topographical engineer of the state. printed by order of the Senate. William McNeir, Annapolis, MD.

Allen, Richard S. (1967). Separation and inspiration, concerning the first industrial application of electricity in America. Historical Publication No. 1. The Penfield Foundation, Crown Point, NY.

Allen, Richard S. (1983). The iron industry of northern New York. Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin. 76. pg. 85-89.

Allen, Ross F., Dawson, James C., Glenn, Morris F., Gordon, Robert B., Killick, David J., and Ward, Richard W. (1990). An archeological survey of bloomery forges in the Adirondacks. IA, Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 16(1). pg. 3-20.

Allen, Zachariah. (1832). The practical tourist. 2 Vols. A.S. Beckwith, Providence, RI. W.

Anonymous. (May 8, 1879). Pittsburgh: Its blast furnaces, rolling mills and steelworks. Iron Age. 8. pg. 1-3.

Ardey, R.L. (July 18, 1901). The history of the steel plow. Iron Age. 68. pg. 26-27.

Asher, Robert. (1983). Connecticut workers and technological change. Center for Oral History, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.

Backert, Adolphus O., Ed. (1915). The ABC of iron and steel. Cleveland, OH.

Bagnall, William R. (1971). The textile industries of the United States. Vol. 1. Augustus Kelley, New York, NY.

Baldwin Locomotive Works. (1923). History of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, 1831-1923. Bingham, Philadelphia, PA.

Bale, M.P. (1913). Woodworking machinery. 3rd Ed.

Bardell, P.S. (1984). The origins of alloy steels. In: Smith, Norman, Ed. History of Technology, 9th annual volume. Mansell Publishing, London.

Barker, Elmer E. (1969). The story of Crown Point Iron. Historical Publication No. 3. Penfield Foundation, Ironville, NY.

Barraclough, K. C. (1984a). Steelmaking before Bessemer: Blister steel, the birth of an industry. Volume 1. The Metals Society, London.

Barraclough, K. C. (1984b). Steelmaking before Bessemer: Crucible steel, the growth of technology. Volume 2. The Metals Society, London.

Batchelder, Samuel. (1863). Introduction and early progress of the cotton manufacture in the U.S. Reprinted in 1969, Taylor, George Rogers, Ed. by Harper and Row, NY, NY.

Bathe, Greville and Bathe, Dorothy. (1935). Oliver Evans: A chronicle of early American engineering. Philadelphia, PA.

Bealer, Alex W. (1976). The tools that built America. Barre. IS.

Bedini, Silvio. (1974). Thinkers and tinkers: Early American men of science. Scribner, NY, NY.  Reprinted in 1989.

• "The best analysis of early American instrument manufacture; much on surveying instruments." (Tesgeract Catalog, Fall 1989, pg. 26).

Bell, Daniel. (1973). The coming of post-industrial society. NY, NY.

Bell, Isaac Lowthian. (1884). Principles of the manufacture of iron and steel: With some notes on the economic conditions of their production. G. Routledge, NY, NY.

Berthoff, Rowland T. (1953). British immigrants in industrial America, 1790 - 1950. Cambridge, MA.

Binder, Frederick M. (1974). Coal age empire: Pennsylvania coal and its utilization to 1860. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA.

Bining, Arthur Cecil. (1933). British regulation of the colonial iron industry. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, PA. IS.

• The most important of all tracts on the colonial iron industry.
• Bining's bibliography contains a particularly comprehensive and useful listing of colonial era manuscripts and official printed sources as well as an excellent general bibliography pertaining to 17th and 18th century publications on trade, travel, and American history. Bining's bibliography also includes newspaper and periodical citations and publications of historical societies. A reprint of this bibliography is available for perusal at the Davistown Museum library.
• See Volume 7:Art of the Edge Tool: The Ferrous Metallurgy of New England Shipsmiths and Toolmakers: From the Construction of Maine’s First Ship, the Pinnace Virginia (1607), to 1882 for a reprint of Bining's Appendix A, "a list of forges and furnaces within the Province of Massachusetts Bay", 1758.

Bining, Arthur Cecil. (1938). Pennsylvania iron manufacture in the eighteenth century. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, Harrisburg, PA.

Bishop, J. Leandar. (1866). A history of American manufacturers from 1608-1866. 3 vols.  Edward Young and Co., Philadelphia, PA. Reprinted in 1967 by Johnson Reprint Corp. vol. 2 and 3 IS.

• The definitive Victorian survey of American manufacturers.

Bixby, George F. (1911). The History of the iron ore industry on Lake Champlain. New York Historical Association Proceedings. 10. pg. 169-237.

Bober, Harry. (1981). Jan van Vliet’s book of crafts and trades: With a reappraisal of his etchings. Early American Industries Association, Albany, NY. IS(2).

Boileau, Etienne. (1268). Le livre des metiers de Paris. [The Book of Paris Trades.] Original is in the Bibliotheque Nationale de France.

Bolger, William C. (1980). Smithville: The result of enterprise. The Burlington County Cultural and Heritage Commission, Mount Holly, N.J.

Bolles, Albert S. (1878). Industrial history of the United States. Henry Bill Publishing Co., Norwich, CT.

Bourque, Bruce J. (1995). Diversity and complexity in prehistoric maritime societies: A Gulf of Maine perspective. Plenum Press, NY. IS.

Brack, H. G. (2006). Norumbega Reconsidered. Pennywheel Press, Hulls Cove, ME. IS.

Brack, H. G. (2008a). Art of the edge tool: The ferrous metallurgy of New England shipsmiths and toolmakers. Vol. 7. Pennywheel Press, Hulls Cove, ME. IS.

Brack, H. G. (2008b). Steel- and toolmaking strategies and techniques before 1870 . Vol. 6. Pennywheel Press, Hulls Cove, ME. IS.

Brack, H. G. (2008c). Handbook for ironmongers: A glossary of ferrous metallurgy terms . Vol. 11. Pennywheel Press, Hulls Cove, ME. IS.

Brack, H. G. (2008d). Registry of Maine toolmakers . Vol. 10. Pennywheel Press, Hulls Cove, ME. IS.

Brain, Jeffrey Phipps. (2007). Fort St. George: Archaeological investigation of the 1607-1608 Popham Colony. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology. Number 12. The Maine State Museum, The Maine Historic Preservation Commission, and the Maine Archaeological Society, Augusta, ME.

Bridenbaugh, Carl. (1950). The colonial craftsman. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.  Reprinted by Phoenix Books in 1966. IS.

Brooke, David. (March 1986). The advent of the steel rail 1857-1914. Journal of Transport History. 3rd. s., 7.

Brown, Carrie. (1997). Pedal power: The bicycle in industry and society. American Precision Museum, Windsor, VT. IS.

Brown, Carrie. (1999). Carriage wheels to Cadillacs: Henry Leland and the quest for precision. American Precision Museum, Windsor, VT. IS.

Brown, Henry T. (1868). Five hundred and seven mechanical movements. Brown & Seward, NY, NY. Reprinted in 1995 by Astragal Press. IS.

Brown, Sharon. (1988). The Cambria Iron Company of Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Canal History and Technology Proceedings 7. pg. 19-46.

Bucki, Cecelia, et al. (1980). Metal, minds and machines: Waterbury at work. Prepared by Cecelia Bucki and the staff of the Mattatuck Historical Society. Waterbury, CT.

Burlingame, Roger. (1953). Machines that built America. Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc.

Burn, D.L. (1931).  The genesis of American engineering competition, 1850-1870. Economic History. 2. pg. 292-311.

Calder, Ritchie. (1968). The evolution of the machine. American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. and The Smithsonian Institution, NY, NY. IS.

Cameron, Edward Hugh. (1955). The genius of Samuel Slater. Technology Review, Cambridge, MA.

Campbell, H.I. (1936). Metal castings. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, NY. IS.

Carnegie, David, with Gladwyn, Sidney G. (1913). Liquid steel: Its manufacture and cost. Longmans, Green & Co.

Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation. (1938). U·S·S carilloy steels. United States Steel, Pittsburgh, PA. IS.

Carroll, Charles F. (1975). The forest society of New England. In: Hindle, Brooke, Ed. America's wooden age: Aspects of its early technology. Sleepy Hollow Restorations, Tarrytown, NY. IS.

Casterlin, W.S. (1895). Forty years at cast steel and tool making. Scranton, PA.

Chahoon, George. (1875). The making of iron in northern New York Catalan forges. Iron Age. 16(7). pg. 7.

Chamberlain, John. (1963). The enterprising Americans: A business history of the United States. Harper & Row, New York, NY.

Chamberlain, John. (1981). Frontiers of change: Early undustrialism in America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.

Christensen, Erwin O. (1950). The index of American design. Macmillan Company, NY, NY. IS.

Clark, C.M. (1987). Trouble at t'Mill: Industrial archaeology in the 1980's. Antiquity. 61. pg. 169-179.

Clark, Victor S. (1929). History of manufacturers in the United States, 1609-1928. 3 Volumes. McGraw Hill, NY, NY. Reprinted in 1949.

• Another important listing of American manufacturers.

Clarke, Mary Stetson. (1968). Pioneer iron works. Chilton Book Company, NY, NY. IS.

• A history of the first ironworks at Saugus, Massachusetts (Hammersmith).
• A good read and an excellent reference for a secondary school library or history course.
• See Hartley (1957) for the most important publication on the Saugus Ironworks.

Cochran, Thomas Childs. (1981). Frontiers of change: Early industrialism in America. Oxford University Press, NY, NY. W.

Colvin, Fred H. (1947). Sixty years with men and machines. Whittlesey House, New York, NY.

Colvin, William H. (1950). Crucible steel of America: 50 years of specialty steelmaking in the USA. Newcomen Society in America, New York, N.Y. W.

Conrad, James L. (1986). The making of a hero: Samuel Slater and the Arkwright frames. Rhode Island History. 45. pg. 3-13.

Conrad, James L. Jr. (1997). "Drive that branch": Samuel Slater, the power loom, and the writing of America's textile history. In: Cutcliffe, Stephen H. and Reynolds, Terry S., Eds. Technology & American history: A historical anthology from Technology & Culture. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. IS.

Conzen, Michael P., Ed. (1990).  The making of the American landscape. Unwin Hyman, Boston, MA.

Cooper, Carolyn C. (1987). The evolution of American patent management: The Blanchard lathe as a case study. Prologue. 19. pg. 245-259.

Cooper, Carolyn C. (1987). Thomas Blanchard's woodworking machines: Tracking 19th century technological diffusion. IA: The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 13(1). pg. 41-54.

Cooper, Carolyn C. (1988). A whole battalion of stockers': Thomas Blanchard's production line and hand labor at Springfield armory. IA, Journal of the Society for Industrial Archaeology. 14. pg. 37-57.

Cooper, Carolyn C. (1989). Making shuttles by machine at Wilkinsonville, 1825-1984. Report by the Museum of American Textile History for the Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor. American Textile History Museum, Lowell, MA.

Cooper, Carolyn C. (1991). Shaping invention: Thomas Blanchard's machinery and patent management in nineteenth-century America. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.

Cooper, Carolyn C. (January 2003). Myth, rumor, and history: The yankee whittling boy as hero and villain. Technology and Culture. 44. pg. 82-96. X.

Cooper, C.C., Gordon, R.B., and Merrick, H.V. (1982). Archaeological evidence of metallurgical innovation at the Eli Whitney armory. IA: The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archaeology. 8(1). pg. 1-12.

Cooper, Carolyn C., and Malone, Patrick, M. (March 17, 1990). The mechanical woodworker in early nineteenth-century New England as a spin-off from textile industrialization. Paper presented at Old Sturbridge Village Colloquium, Old Sturbridge Village, Sturbridge, MA.

Copeland, M.T. (1966). The cotton manufacturing industry of the United States. Kelley, New York, NY.

Copley, F.B. (1923). Frederick W. Taylor, father of scientific management. Vol. 2. NY.

Coxe, John Redman. (1812). The emporium of arts & sciences. Vol. 2. Joseph Delaplaine, Philadelphia, PA.

Cutcliffe, Stephen H. and Reynolds, Terry S., Eds. (1997). Technology & American history: A historical anthology from Technology & Culture. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. IS.

• A number of excellent articles from this publication are also cited separately in this and other sections of this bibliography.

Daddow, Samuel H., and Bannan, Benjamin. (1866). Coal, iron, and oil: or, The practical American miner: a plain and popular work on our mines and mineral resources, and text-book or guide to their economical development. Benjamin Bannon, Pottsville, PA and, J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA.

Dalzell, Robert. (1987). Enterprising elite: The Boston Associates and the world they made. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Dane, E. Surrey. (1973). Peter Stubs and the Lancaster hand tool industry. John Sherrat & Son, Altrincham.

• An influential early read (1975) for the buyer at the Liberty Tool Co.

Dayrup, Felicia. (1948). Arms making in the Connecticut Valley: A regional study of the economic development of the small arms industry, 1798-1870. Vol 33. Smith College Studies in History. Northampton, MA. Reprinted in 1970, George Shumway, York, PA.

Defebaugh, J.E. (1907). History of the lumber industry of America. 2 Vols. Chicago, IL.

DeGarmo, Paul E. (1979). Materials and Processes in Manufacturing. MacMillan Publishing Company, NY. IS.

de Tousard, Louis. (1809). American artillerist’s companion, or elements of artillery. C. and A. Conrad and Co., Philadelphia, PA.

Devanney, Joseph J. (Fall 1999). Henry Mercer and the Mercer Museum. The Fine Tool Journal. 49(2). pg. 5-7. IS.

Dickinson, Henry W. (1913). Robert Fulton, engineer and artist: His life and works. Publisher unknown, London.

Diderot, Denis. ([1751-75] 1959). A Diderot pictorial encyclopedia of trades and industry: Manufacturing and the technical arts in plates selected from “L’Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers” of Denis Diderot: In two volumes. Vol. 1 and 2. Dover Publications Inc., New York.

Disston, Jacob. (1950). Henry Disston (1819-1878): Pioneer industrialist, inventor and good citizen. Newcomen Society in America, New York, N.Y.

Dunwell, Steve. (1978). The run of the mill: A pictorial narrative of the expansion, dominion, decline and enduring impact of the New England textile industry. David R. Godine Publisher, Boston, MA. IS.

Durfee, William Franklin. (1893/1894). The first systematic attempt at interchangeability in firearms. Cassier's Magazine. 5. pg. 469-477.

Egleston, Thomas. (1879-1880). The American bloomery process for making iron direct from the ore. Transaction of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. 8. pg. 515-550.

Erickson, C.J. (1957). American industry and the European immigrant 1860-1885. Cambridge, MA.

Evans, Oliver. (1795). The young mill-wright and miller's guide. Arno Press, NY, NY. Reprinted in 1990 by Oliver Evans Press, Wallingford, PA. IS.

• This important reference was published in many editions.

Evans, Oliver. (1805). The abortion of the young steam engineer's guide: Containing an investigation of the principles, construction and powers of steam engines. A description of a steam engine on new principles ... A description of a machine, and its principles, for making ice and cooling water in large quantities ... by the power of steam ... A description of four other patented inventions. Printed for the author by Fry and Kammerer., Philadelphia, PA.

Faler, Paul. (1981) Mechanics and manufacturers in the early Industrial Revolution: Lynn, Massachusetts, 1780-1860. SUNY Press, Albany, NY.

Ferguson, Eugene S. (1980). Oliver Evans: Inventive genius of the American industrial revolution. Hagley Museum, Greenville, DE.

Fischer, David Hackett. (2008). Champlain’s Dream. Simon & Schuster, New York, NY. IS.

Fisher, Douglas Alan. (1949). Steel making in America. The United States Steel Corp., Bethlehem, PA. IS.

Fisher, Douglas Alan. (1963). The epic of steel. Harper & Row, NY. IS (2).

• One of the first modern writings on iron and steel production in the Europe and US.  Now superseded by Gordon's American Iron, this text remains an old favorite of the Davistown Museum.
• The museum has reproduced an excerpt from this book on precursors of the blast furnace in the Hand Tools in History volume of the Museum Publications.

Fisher, Marvin. (1967). Workshops in the wilderness: The European response to American industrialization, 1830 - 1860. Oxford University Press, NY, NY. IS.

Fitch, Charles H. (1883). Report on the manufactures of interchangeable mechanisms. In: Bureau of the Census: Report on the manufactures of the United States at the tenth census. Vol. 2. Census Office, Washington, DC.

Fitch, Charles H. (1884). The rise of a mechanical ideal. Magazine of American History. 11. pg. 516-527.

Flexner, James T. (1944). Steamboats come true: American inventors in action. Publisher unknown, NY.

Francis, James B. (1855). Lowell hydraulic experiments. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, MA.

Freedley, Edwin T., Ed. (1856). A treatsie on the principal trades and manufactures of the United States. E. Young & Co., Philadelphia, PA.

Freedley, Edwin T. (1867). Philadelphia and its manufactures. E. Young & Co., Philadelphia, PA.

French, Benjamin F. (1858). History of the rise and progress of the iron trade of the United States from 1620 to 1857: With numerous statistical tables, relating to the manufacture, importation, exportation, and prices of iron for more than a century. Wiley & Halsted, NY, NY. W.

Gardner, John. (March 1970). Cast steel. CEAIA. 23. pg. 6, 16. W.

Gibb, George S. (1950). The Saco-Lowell shops: Textile machinery building in New England. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Giedion, Siegfried. (1948). Mechanization takes command: A contribution to anonymous history. Oxford University Press, NY, NY. IS.

Gies, Joseph and Gies, Frances. (1976). The ingenious Yankees. Crowell, NY, NY.

Gilmer, Harrison. (1953). Birth of the American crucible steel steel industry. Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine. 36.

Goodman, W.L. (September 1976). Tools and equipment of the early settlers in the New World. The Chronicle. In: Pollak, Emil and Pollak, Martyl, Eds. (1991). Selections from The Chronicle: The fascinating world of early tools and trades. The Astragal Press, Mendham, NJ. IS.

Gordon, Robert B. (July 1982). The Metallurgical Museum of Yale College and nineteenth century ferrous metallurgy in New England. Journal of Metals. 34. pg. 26-33. X.

Gordon, Robert B. (1983). English iron for American arms: Labratory evidence on the source of iron used at the Springfield Armory in 1860.  Journal of the Historical Metallurgical Society. 17. pg. 91-98.

Gordon, Robert B. (1983). Material evidence of the development of metalworking technology at the Collins Axe factory. Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 9(1). pg. 19-28.

Gordon, Robert B. (1983). Materials for manufacturing: The response of the Connecticut iron industry to technological change and limited resources.  Technology and Culutre. 24. pg. 602-634.

Gordon, Robert B. (1988). Material evidence of the manufacturing methods used in 'armory practice'. IA, Journal of the Society for Industrial Archaeology. 14. pg. 23-25.

Gordon, Robert B. (1988). Who turned the mechanical ideal into mechanical reality?  Technology and Culture. 29. pg. 744-778. IS.

Gordon, Robert B. (November 1988). Material evidence of the development of metalworking technology at the Collins Axe factory. Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 14(2). pg. 19-28.

Gordon, Robert B. (1992). Industrial archeology of American iron and steel. IA: The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 18(1/2). pg. 5-18.

Gordon, Robert B. (January 1989). Simeon North, John Hall, and mechanized manufacturing. Technology and Culture. 30(1). pg. 179-188.

Gordon, Robert. (1996). American iron, 1607 - 1900. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. IS.

• The most comprehensive survey of the history of the iron industry in America up to the beginning of the 20th century.
• It contains an excellent bibliography pertaining to iron and steel production in America.
• A number of definitions in Volume 11, Handbook for Ironmongers, are taken from Gordon's glossary.

Gordon, Robert B. (2001). A landscape transformed: The ironmaking district of Salisbury, Connecticut. Oxford University, New York, NY.

Gordon, Robert B. and Killick, David J. (Summer 1992). The metallurgy of the American bloomery process. Archeomaterials. 6(2). pg. 141-167. IS.

Gordon, Robert B. and Malone, Patrick M. (1994). The texture of industry: An archaeological view of the industrialization of North America. Oxford University Press, New York, NY. IS.

Gordon, Robert B. and Tweedale, Geoffrey. (1990). Pioneering in steelmaking at the Collins Axe factory. Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society. 24. pg. 1-11. W.

Graeff, A.D. (1949). A history of steel casting. Philadelphia, PA.

Greeley, Horace, Case, Leon, Howland, Edward, Gough, John B., Ripley, Philip, Perkins, F.B., Lyman, J.B., Brisbane, Albert, Hall, Rev. E.E. and others. (1872). The great industries of the United States being an historical summary of the origins, growth, and perfection of the chief industrial arts of this country. J. B. Burr & Hyde, Hartford, CT. IS.

Green, Constance McLaughlin. (1939). Holyoke, Massachusetts; a case history of the Industrial Revolution in America. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Greenwood, Richard. (1984). A History of the Blackstone Canal, 1825-1849. Report for the Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission.

Grimshaw, Robert. (1882). Saws: The history, development, action, classification of saws, etc. E. Claxton & Co., Philadelphia, PA.

Gundrum, Paul Thomas. (1974). The charcoal iron industry in 18th century America: An expression of regional economic variation. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI.

Habakkuk, H. John. (1962). American and British technology in the nineteenth century. Cambridge, England.

Habakkuk, H. John. (1967). American and British technology in the nineteenth century: The search for labour saving inventions. At the Press, Cambridge, England.

Hall, John W. D. (1885). Ancient iron works in Taunton. Old Colony Historical Society Collections. 3. pg. 131-162. W.

Harbord, Frank W. (1904). The metallurgy of steel. C. Griffin & Co.

Harte, Charles Rufus. (January 1948). The early American iron industry. The Chronicle. 3(14). pg. 119, 122-125. IS.

Hartley, E.N. (1957). Ironworks on the Saugus: The Lynn and Braintree ventures of the company of undertakers of the ironworks in New England. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK. IS.

• "Within twenty years of the settlement of Boston in 1630, enterprising men had erected large integrated ironworks in the midst of a virgin wilderness... to convert bog iron into cast and wrought iron." (pg. 3).
• "These ironworks, however, were different in that they were large-scale factory enterprises involving joint financing, a complicated technology, specially imported workmen, and heavy capital risk.  They were big business and heavy industry.  In the Bible Commonwealth they stood out as atypical, anachronistic and wonderful." (pg. 3).
• "At Braintree, scene of faltering beginnings, was a blast furnace of good size, a forge consisting of finery, chafery, and giant water-power-driven hammer, a charcoal house, and workmen's cottages.  At Lynn, there was a complete ironworks, whose design and engineering were as bold as sophisticated.  Here was a huge furnace, a forge comprising two fineries, a chafery, and a big hammer, an extensive water-power system, good storage facilities, workmen's accommodations, and a pier for the use of the small boats which plied the Saugus River laden with the ironworks products.  Here was a rolling and slitting mill, the first in the New World, and set up when there were only about a dozen of which we have record in the British Isles and on the continent." (pg. 4-5).
• "Braintree Furnace achieved the first recorded and successful production of cast iron within the limits of what is now the United States." (pg. 10).
• "The indirect process of iron manufacture is more complicated than the direct.  The latter calls only for the use of the bloomery, a hearth in which, in a single if discontinuous operation, wrought iron is made directly from the ore.  In the indirect process, the blast furnace smelts the ore and turns out cast iron in the form of sows and pigs.  By the Walloon method, these are then converted into wrought iron in a series of heating and hammering operations in the forge with its two types of hearth, the finery and the chafery, and its big water-power-driven hammer." (pg. 11-12).
• "It was the competition of iron from the Mother Country which was another of the factors responsible for the relatively early eclipse of New England's first ironworks." (pg. 16).

Harvey, David. (1986). A progress report on the reconstruction of the American bloomery process. Paper prepared for the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, VA.

Harvey, David. (1988). Reconstructing the American bloomery process. The Colonial Williamsburg Historic Trades Annual. 1. pg. 19-38.

Harvey, David. (1989). Replicating America’s earliest bloomery process, part one. The Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. 41(6). pg. 46-47.

Harvey, David. (1989). Replicating America’s earliest bloomery process, part two. The Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. 41(7). pg. 44-46.

Hatch, Charles E., Jr. and Gregory, Thurlow Gates. (July 1962). The first American blast furnace, 1619-1622. The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 70(3). pg. 259-296.

Heaton, Herbert. (October 17, 1951). The industrial immigrant in the United States, 1783 - 1812. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 95(5). pg. 519 - 527.

Hey, David. (1997). The development of the English toolmaking industry during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In: Gaynor, James M., Ed. Eighteenth-century woodworking tools: Papers presented at a tool symposium: May 19-22, 1994. Colonial Williamsburg Historic Trades. Volume III. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, VA.

Hindle, Brooke. (1966). Technology in early America. Chapel Hill, NC. W.

Hindle, Brooke, Ed. (1975). America's wooden age: Aspects of its early technology. Sleepy Hollow Restorations, Tarrytown, NY. IS.

Hindle, Brooke, Ed. (1981). Material culture of the wooden age. Sleepy Hollow Press, Tarrytown, NY. IS.

Hindle, Brooke and Lubar, Steven. (1986). Engines of change: The American Industrial Revolution, 1790 - 1860. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. IS.

• "The classical Industrial Revolution did not involve all production.  Many crafts did not change at all, and those that were mechanized and industrialized changed at very different rates.  The four most dramatic changes occurred in (1) iron production, (2) the rise of the steam engine, (3) the mechanization of textile production, and (4) precision machine work." (pg. 15).
• Particularly good on the development of railroad transportation and its relationship with the steam engine.

Historic American Buildings Survey. (1971). The New England textile mill survey. Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington, D.C.

Hogan, William T. (1971). Economic history of the iron and steel industry in the United States. 5 vols. D.C. Heath & Co., Lexington, MA.

Hoke, Donald R. (1990). Ingenious Yankees: The rise of the American system of manufacturers in the private sector. Columbia University Press, NY, NY.

Holoway, M.O. and Squarcy, C.M. (1961). Colonial ironworkers. In: A History of Iron and Steelmaking in the United States. The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, New York, NY. W.

Hopkins, George M. (1903). Home mechanics for amateurs. Scientific American Series, Munn & Co., Publishers, NY, NY. IS.

Hounshell, David. (1978). From the American system to mass production: The development of manufacturing technology in the United States 1850-1920. Newark, DE.

Hounshell, David. (1984). From the American system to mass production, 1800-1932: The development of manufacturing technology in the United States. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.

Howe, Henry M. (1890). The metallurgy of steel. Scientific Publishing Co., New York, NY.

Hummel, Charles F. (1968). With hammer in hand: The Dominy craftsmen of East Hampton, New York. University Press of Virginia, Charlottsville, VA. IS.

Hunt, Freeman. (1858). Lives of American merchants. 2 volumes. Derby & Jackson, NY, NY.

Hunt, R.W. (1876-1877). A history of the Bessemer manufacture in America. American Institute of Mining Engineers. 5. pg. 207.

Hunter, Louis C. (1928-1929). Influence of the market upon technique in the iron industry in western Pennsylvania up to 1860. Journal of Economic and Business History. I.

Hunter, Louis C. (1949). Steamboats on the western rivers: An economic and technological history. Publisher unknown, Cambridge, MA.

Hunter, Louis C. (1975). Waterpower in the century of the steam engine. In: Hindle, Brooke, Ed. America's wooden age: Aspects of its early technology. Sleepy Hollow Restorations, Tarrytown, NY. IS.

Hunter, Louis C. (1979). A history of industrial power in the United States, 1780-1930. Volume one: Waterpower in the century of the steam engine. Published for the Eleutherian Mills-Hagley Foundation by the University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.

• The very best summary of the role of water mills in the industrialization of America.
• Our annotations from this important text are so extensive we have placed them in a separate online essay.

Hunter, Louis C. (1985). A history of industrial power in the United States, 1780-1930. Volume two: Steam power. Published for the Eleutherian Mills-Hagley Foundation by the University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.

• An excellent summary of the early role of the steam engine in water and rail transportation and the long delay in its use for most forms of industrial manufacturing.
• For additional annotations see our separate online essay.

Hunter, Louis C. (1991). A history of industrial power in the United States, 1780-1930. Volume three: The transmission of power. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

• A clear explanation of why steam turbines, replacing the earlier forms of reciprocating steam engines, played a key role in the development of electrical transmission of power.
• For additional annotations see our separate online essay.

Hurt, R. Douglas. (1982). American farm tools: From hand-power to steam-power. Sunflower University press, Manhattan, KS.

Hutchins, John G. Brown. (1941). The American maritime industries and public policy, 1789-1914; an economic history. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Hutton, Joseph. (March 31, 1849). Condition and future prospects of the staple trades of Sheffield. Sheffield Times.

Innes, Stephen. (1995). Creating the Commonwealth: The Economic Culture of Puritan New England.  W.W. Norton, New York, NY.

Irps, Gil. (2012). IHC Tools and Equipment That They Were Issued With. Self-published. For copies of this book,

The Iron Industry of Northern New York. (1983). Canadian mining and metallurgical bulletin.

Jardini, David. (1997). From iron to steel: The recasting of the Jones and Laughlins workforce between 1885 and 1896. In: Cutcliffe, Stephen H. and Reynolds, Terry S., Eds. Technology & American history: A historical anthology from Technology & Culture. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. IS.

Jeans, J.S. (1880). Steel, its history, manufacture, properties and uses.

Jeremy, David. (1981). Transatlantic Industrial Revolution: The diffusion of textile technology between Britain and America, 1790-1830's. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Jeremy, David. (1990). Technology and power in the early American cotton industry. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.

Jones, Franklin D. (1987). Modern toolmaking methods. Lindsay Publications Inc, Bradley, IL. IS.

Kauffman, H.J. (December 1969). Cast steel. CEAIA. 22. pg. 49-50. W.

Kaempffert, Waldemar B. Ed. (1924). A popular history of American inventions. 2 vols. C. Scribner's Sons, New York, NY.

Kebabian, Paul B. (1997). Eighteenth-century American toolmaking. In: Gaynor, James M., Ed. Eighteenth-century woodworking tools: Papers presented at a tool symposium: May 19-22, 1994. Colonial Williamsburg Historic Trades. Volume III. The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Williamsburg, VA.

Kebabian, Paul B. and Lipke, William, Eds. (1979). Tools and technologies: America's wooden age. Robert Hull Fleming Museum, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.

Keown, Samuel. (1985). Tool steels and high-speed steels 1900-1950. Historical Metallurgy. 19(1).

Killebrew, Joseph Buckner. (1881). Iron and coal in Tennessee. Tavel and Howell, Nashville, TN.

King, Clarence David, (1948). Seventy-five years of progress in iron and steel; manufacture of coke, pig iron, and steel ingots. Published for the Seeley W. Mudd Fund, by the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, NY, NY.

Kirkland, Edward Chase. (date unknown). Men, cities, and transportation: A study in New England history, 1820-1900. 2 vols.

Kohn, Ferdinand. (March 27, 1869). Iron and steel manufacture: A series of papers on the manufacture and properties of iron and steel: With reports on iron and steel in the Paris exhibition ... works in Great Britain and on the continent. Published by William McKenzie, London, Edinburgh & Glasgow. UK.

Kranzberg, Melvin and Purcell, Carroll W. Jr., Eds. (1967). Technology in western civilization. 2 vols. Volume 1: The emergence of modern industrial society, earliest times to 1900. Oxford University Press, NY, NY.

Kulik, Gary, and Bonham, Julia C. (1978). Rhode Island: An inventory of historic and engineering sites. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Kulik, Gary, Parks, Roger and Penn, Theodore. (1982). The New England mill village, 1790-1860. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Kurjack, Dennis C. (1954). Hopewell Village: National historical site: Pennsylvania. National Park Service Historical Handbook Series No. 8, Washington, DC. Reprinted in 1961. IS.

Lake, E.F. (May 1912). Steels made in the electric furnace. Cassier's Magazine. 42. pg. 99-112.

Lathrop, William Gilbert. (1926). The brass industry in the United States: A study of the origin and the development of the brass industry in the Naugatuck Valley and its subsequent extension over the Nation. Revised Edition. W.G. Lathrop, Mount Carmel, CT.

Lenik, Edward J. (1970). The rediscovery of lower Longwood forge. Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey. 26. pg. 12-21.

Lesley, J. Peter. (1859). The iron manufacturer’s guide to the furnaces, forges, and rolling mills of the United States. Wiley, New York, NY.

Linklater, Andro. (2002). Measuring America: How an untamed wilderness shaped the United States and fulfilled the promise of Democracy. Walker Publishing Co.,Walker & Company, New York, NY.

Linney, Joseph R. (1934). A History of the Chateaugay ore and iron company. The Delaware and Hudson Railroad Company, Albany, NY.

Loewen, James W. (1995). Lies my teacher told me: Everything your American history textbook got wrong. The New Press, New York.

Loveday, Amos, J., Jr. (1983). The rise and decline of the American cut nail industry. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT.

Lyle, Capt. David Alexander and Porter, Samuel W. (1881). Report on the manufacture and uses of files and rasps. Ordnance Dept. Report of the Chief of Ordinance; Appendix 35. Washington, D.C.

Malone, Patrick M. (1983). Canals and industry. Lowell Museum, Lowell, MA.

Marx, Leo. (1964). The machine in the garden; technology and the pastoral ideal in America. Oxford University Press, NY, NY.

Mayr, Otto and Post, Robert C. (1981). Yankee enterprise: The rise of the American system of manufactures. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. IS.

McGaw, Judith A. Ed. (1994). Early American technology: Making & doing things from the colonial era to 1850. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC. IS.

McHugh, J. (1980). Alexander Holley and the makers of steel. Baltimore, MD.

McMahon, A.M. and Morris, S.A. (1977). Technology in industrial America. Wilmington, DE.

McMahon, A.M. and Morris, S.A. (1850). Journal of the Franklin Institute. 20. pg. 41.

Mercer, Henry C. (1929). Ancient carpenters' tools together with lumbermen's, joiners' and cabinet makers' tools in use in the eighteenth century. Horizon Press. Fifth edition reprinted in 1975 by the Bucks County Historical Society. IS(2).

• A most important and essential reference.
• See the online essays for some photographs of axes from this text.

Mercer, Henry C. (1961). The bible in iron: Pictured stoves and stoveplates of the Pennsylvania Germans. The Bucks County Historical Society, Doylestown, PA. IS.

Mirsky, Jeanette and Nevins, Allan. (1952). The world of Eli Whitney. Macmillan, New York, NY.

Moriarty, W.H. (1961). A century of steel castings. New York, NY.

Morison, Samuel Eliot. (1921). The maritime history of Massachusetts 1783-1860. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA. IS.

Morrison, John H. (1958). History of American steam navigation. Stephen Daye Press, NY, NY. IS.

Muir, Diana. (2000). Reflections in Bullough's Pond: Economy and ecosystem in New England. University Press of New England, Hanover, NH. IS.

• "The Industrial Revolution began in New England because there were more young men than there was arable land, forcing some of these surplus men to invent new kinds of machinery." (pg. 250).
• Muir defines the Industrial Revolution as a "transition from the use of this year's sunlight to the use of the products of fossil sunlight (coal and petroleum.)" (pg. 248).
• "By the 1780s, there was scarcely a village in New England that could not boast a gristmill, a sawmill, a cooper's shop, a tannery, a fulling mill to finish homespun woolen cloth with mechanical beaters, and a smithy capable of fashioning hardware for kitchen and farm.  Where there was clay, there was likely to be a pottery; where the fuller was enterprising, there might be a dyehouse beside his mill." (pg. 74 - 75).
• "In 1810, the year of the shoe peg, every town in southern New England was extensively engaged in manufacturing for distant markets.  Across the region, artisans plaited straw bonnets, felted fur and wool for hats, poured brass into molds to make buttons, filed cow horn into combs, and tempered wrought iron to shape augers.  With so many hands performing repetitive tasks for so many hours, it seems obvious that someone would think of a way to do a job more quickly, more cheaply, or more easily." (pg. 92).
• "Elisha Root reconceptualized the making of axes [at Samuel Collins's ax factory].  He eliminated the labor of flattening wrought iron, folding it around a steel pin, and forging the two sides together under a trip-hammer, by arranging a series of dies and rollers that could 'die forge' -- or apply pressure to a mold, forming a solid piece of yellow-hot wrought iron into the shape of an ax, with a eye already punched to receive the handle.  Root also automated the process of tempering axes with a machine that regulated oven heat and moved axheads through the oven on a rotating wheel.  Another machine reduced the amount of hand labor required to give axes a sharp edge by 'shaving' the hardened steel until it need only receive its final finish by hand on a grindstone." (pg. 131).

Mulholland, James A. (1981). A history of metals in colonial America. University of Alabama Press, Birmingham, AL. IS.

Murdock, Bartlett. (1937). Blast furnaces of Carver, Plymouth County. Privately printed, Poughkeepsie, NY. W.

National Park Service. (1979). Ironmaking. GPO: 1991-283-602/20158. U.S. Department of the Interior, America's National Parks, 470 Maryland Drive, Suite 2, Ft. Washington, PA.

• This is a folded pamphlet that may also be used as a poster. It has an excellent diagram of a blast furnace, is suitable for classroom use, and may be seen on display at the Davistown Museum. Available online from eParks.

National Park Service. (1983). Hopewell Furnace: A guide to Hopewell Furnace National Historical Site: Pennsylvania. Handbook 124. U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. IS.

Needham, J. (1958). The development of iron and steel technology in China. 2 vols. Newcomen Society, London.

Nelson, T. Holland. (1922-1923). Comparison of American and English methods of producing high-grade crucible steel. TASST. 3. pg. 279-298.

Nichols, Nick. (September 2006). In search of the three-lipped auger. The Chronicle. 59(3). pg. 109-10. IS.

North, S.N.D. and North, Ralph H. (1913). Simeon North; First official pistol makers of the United States; A memoir. Rumford Press, Concord, NH.

Osborn, Henry S. (1869). The metallurgy of iron and steel, theoretical and practical. H.C. Baird, Philadelphia, PA.

Page, Herb. (2004). The brothers Coes and their legacy of wrenches. Sunset Mercantile Enterprises, Davenport, IA.

Parker, Margaret T. (1940). Lowell: A study of industrial development. Publisher unknown, NY.

Parsons, John E. Ed. (1949). Saml. Colt's own record: Samuel Colt's own record of transactions with Captain Walker and Eli Whitney, Jr. in 1847. Connecticut Historical Society, Conn. Printers.

Paskoff, Paul F. (1983). Industrial evolution: Organization, structure, and growth of the Pennsylvania iron industry, 1750 - 1860. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. IS.

Pearse, John Barnard. (1876). A concise history of the iron manufacture of the American colonies up to the revolution, and of Pennsylvania until the present time. Allen, Lane & Scott, Philadelphia, PA.

Penn, Theodore Z. (1981). The development of the leather belt main drive. IA: Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 7(1). pg. 1-14.

Percy, John. (1864).  Metallurgy: The art of extracting metals from their ores, and adapting them to various purposes of manufacture. John Murray, London, UK.

Perry, E.G. (1903). A trip around Buzzards Bay Shores and Vineyard Sound. C. S. Binner Corp, Boston, MA.

• On page 197 is a reference to the Pocasset Iron Works in Pocasset.

Pollak, Emil and Pollak, Martyl, Eds. (1991). Selections from The Chronicle: The fascinating world of early tools and trades. Astragal Press, Mendham, NJ. IS.

Pollak, Emil and Pollak, Martyl. (1994). A guide to the makers of American wooden planes, third edition. Astragal Press, Mendham, NJ. IS.

Pollak, Emil and Pollak, Martyl. (2001). A guide to the makers of American wooden planes, fourth edition. Revised by Thomas L. Elliott. Astragal Press, Mendham, NJ. IS.

• The definitive reference on American planemakers.

Pool, J. Lawrence and Pool, Angeline. Eds. (1982). America's valley forges and valley furnaces. J.L. Pool, West Cornwall, CT.

Pressnell, L.S. Ed. (1960). Studies in the Industrial Revolution.

Preston, Richard. (1991). American steel: Hot metal men and the resurrection of the rust belt. Prentice Hall Press, NY. IS.

Pring, J.N. (1921). The electric furnace.

Prude, Jonathan. (1983). The coming industrial order: Town and factory life in rural Massachusetts, 1810-1860. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Pursell, Carroll W. (1969). Early stationary steam engines in America; a study in the migration of a technology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.

Pursell, Carroll W. Jr., Ed. (1981). Technology in America: A history of individuals and ideas. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. IS.

Quimby, Ian M. G. and Earl, Polly Anne, Eds. (1974). Technological innovation and the decorative arts. 19th Winterthur Conference, 1973. Published for the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum by the University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.

Ransom, J.H. (1966). Vanishing ironworks of the Ramapos. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.

Rebus, Inc. (1984). New Orleans decorative ironwork. The Knapp Press, Los Angeles, CA. IS.

Reck, Franklin Mering. (1952). Sand in their shoes: The story of American steel foundries. American Steel Foundries.

Rees, Jane and Rees, Mark. (1997). Christopher Gabriel and the tool trade in 18th century London. The Astragal Press, Mendham, NJ.

Renwick, James. (1830). Treatise on the steam engine. Reprinted in 2010 by Nabu Press, Charleston, SC.

Reynolds, Terry S. (1983). Stronger than a hundred men: A history of the vertical water wheel. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. IS.

Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management. (1987). Working water - A guide to the historic landscape of the Blackstone River valley. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, Providence, RI.

Rhode Island Parks Association. (1997). Working water - A guide to the historic landscape of the Blackstone River valley. Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management and the Rhode Island Parks Association, Providence, RI.

Rivard, Paul E. (1974). Samuel Slater: A short interpretive essay on Samuel Slater's role in the birth of the American textile industry. Slater Mill Historic Site, Pawtucket, RI.

Rivard, Paul E. (1988). Samuel Slater, father of American manufactures. Slater Mill Historic Site, Pawtucket, RI.

Roberts, G.A., Hamaker, J.C. and Johnson, A.R. (1962). Tool steels. 3rd Ed. Cleveland, OH.

Roberts, Kenneth. (1970). The contributions of Joseph Ives to Connecticut clock technology, 1810-1862. American Clock and Watch Museum, Bristol, CT.

Roberts, Kenneth. (1976). Tools for the trades and crafts: An eighteenth century pattern book. Originally published by R. Timmins & Sons, Birmingham, England. K. Roberts Pub. Co., Fitzwilliam, NH.

Roberts, K. D. and J. (1971). Planemakers and other edge tool enterprises in New York state in the nineteenth century. Cooperstown, NY.

Robson, C., Ed. (1875). The manufactories and manufacturers of Pennsylvania in the nineteenth century. Philadelphia, PA.

Roden-Hauser, W., Schoenawa, J. and Vom Baur, C.H. (1913). Electric furnaces in the iron and steel industry. 2nd Ed. NY.

Roger, Bob. (September 2006). The three-pod auger. The Chronicle. 59(3). pg. 111-12. IS.

Rolando, Victor R. (1975). Taconic ironworks and slagheaps. Self-published, Box 281, Nassau, NY. IS.

• This includes the locations of blast furnaces in all the New England states.

Rolando, Victor R. (1992). 200 years of soot and sweat: The history and archeology of Vermont's iron, charcoal, and lime industries. Vermont Archaeological Society, Burlington, VT.

Roper, Stephen. (1874). A catechism of the high pressure or non-condensing steam engines. Publisher unknown, Philadelphia, PA.

Rorabaugh, W. J. (1986). The craft apprentice: From Franklin to the machine age in America. Oxford University Press, NY, NY. IS.

Rosenberg, Nathan. (1963). Technological change in the machine tool industry, 1840-1910. Journal of Economic History. 23. pg. 414-443. X.

Rosenberg, Nathan, Ed. (1969). The American system of manufactures. Chicago, IL.

Rosenberg, Nathan, Ed. (1969). The American system of manufactures: The report of the committee on the Machinery of the United States, 1855, and the special reports of George Wallis and Joseph Whitworth, 1854. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh. UK.

Rosenberg, Nathan. (1972). Technology and American economic growth. NY, NY.

Rosenberg, Nathan. (1975). America's rise to woodworking leadership. In: Hindle, Brooke, Ed. America's wooden age: Aspects of its early technology. Sleepy Hollow Restorations, Tarrytown, NY. IS.

Rosovsky, Henry, Ed. (1966). Industrialization in two systems. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.

Roubo, André-Jacob. (1769-1775). L’art du Menuisier Ebéniste. Academie Royale des Sciences, France.

Rowe, Adam Ward. (1977). Connecticut's cannon: The Salisbury Furnace in the American Revolution. The American Revolution Bicentennial Commission of Connecticut, CT.

Rowe, F.H. (1938). History of the iron and steel industry in Scioto County, Ohio. Columbus, OH.

Russell, Carl P. (1967).  Firearms, traps, and tools of the mountain men. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY.

Rutsch, Edward S. and Morrell, Brian H. (1992). An industrial archeological survey of the Long Pond Ironworks, West Milford Township, Passaic County, New Jersey. Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 18(112). pg. 40-60.

Saul, Samuel B. Ed. (1970). Technological change: The United States and Britain in the nineteenth century. Methuen, London, UK.

Sawyer, John E. (1954). The social basis of the American system of manufacturing. Journal of Economic History. 14. pg. 361-279.

Sayward, Elliot M. (1971). Of plates and purlins: Grandpa builds a barn: Being a compendium of information in the words of those who saw and took part in the building of timber-framed barns. Early Trades and Crafts Society & Friends of the Nassau County Museum, Old Bethpage Village Restoration, NY.

Sayward, Elliot M. (1972). The cooper and his work: Definitions, operations, materials, tools.

Sayward, Elliot M., Ed. (1989-92). The Chronicle of the early American Industries Association. Early American Industries Association, Inc., Albany, NY.

• Elliot Sayward edited The Chronicle for several years and also authored articles in the following issues.
• 43(1). pg. 9, 43(2). pg. 46, 44(2). pg. 41, 48(1). pg. 28, 48(3). pg. 57, 59(3). pg. 109.
• Chips and sawdust. 43(4). pg. 100; 44(2). pg. 53.
• Dutch treat: The van Vliet Etchings of crafts and trades, part I. 46(1). pg. 7–11.
• The pith of the matter: A response from your editor. 41(1). pg. 9–10.
• Letter. 45(3). pg. 94.
• Two letters. (July/August 2004; September 2004).
• Elliot Sayward also published Plane Talk, a quarterly journal, for ten years up until 1991.

Sayward, Elliot M. (1996). The Oyster Bay connection: The first American newspaper advertisement offering items for sale. The Freeholder. www.oysterbayhistory.org/Freeems.htm.

Schallenberg, Richard H. and Ault, David A. (1997). Raw materials supply and technological change in the American charcoal iron industry. In: Cutcliffe, Stephen H. and Reynolds, Terry S., Eds. Technology & American history: A historical anthology from Technology & Culture. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. IS.

Schenck, Helen R. and Knox, Reed. (1985). Wrought iron manufacture at Valley Forge. MASCA Journal. 3. pg. 132-141.

Schenck, Helen R. and Knox, Reed. (1986). Valley Forge: The making of iron in the eighteenth century. Archaeology. 39. pg. 27-33.

Shlakman, Vera. (1935). Economic history of a factory town; a study of Chicopee, Massachusetts. The Department of History of Smith College, Northhampton, MA.

Siracusa, Carl. (1979). A mechanical people: Perceptions of the industrial order in Massachusetts: 1815 - 1880. Wesleyan University Press, Middletown, CT. IS.

Sisco, F.T. (1924). The manufacture of electric steel. New York, NY.

Sisson, William. (1992). A revolution in steel: Mass production in Pennsylvania, 1867 - 1901. Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. 18(1/2). pg. 79-93.

Sloane, Eric. (1964). A museum of early American tools. Funk & Wagnalls, Inc. Reprinted in 1973 by Ballantine Books, NY, NY. IS.

Sloane, Eric. (1965). Diary of an early American boy Noah Blake 1805. Ballantine Books, New York, NY. IS.

Sloane, Eric. (1986). Eric Sloane's sketches of America past. Promontory Press, NY, NY. Originally published in three volumes (1962, 1964, 1965) as Diary of an early American boy, A museum of early American tools and A reverence for wood. IS (2).

Smith, Cyril S. (1961). The interaction of science and practice in the history of metallurgy. Technology and Culture. 2.

Smith, Cyril S. (1964). The discovery of Carbon in steel. Technology and Culture. 5.

Smith, Elmer L. (1973). Early tools and equipment. Applied Arts Publishers, Lebanon, PA. IS.

Smith, H.R. Bradley. (1966). Blacksmith's and farriers' tools at Shelburne Museum: A history of their development from forge to factory. Museum Pamphlet Series, Number 7. The Shelburne Museum, Inc., Shelburne, VT. IS.

• The most important primary source of information on blacksmithing including a concise explanation of forging and tempering steel for use in hand tools.  See especially pages 156-163 for an explanation of how axes were made and the differences between the American ax and the European trade ax.
• This book also contains one of the best explanations of how the production of steel evolved from the first blacksmith shops in colonial America including descriptions of the first steel poured by the Bessemer process in 1864, the development of the open hearth steel process in 1868, the electric arc furnace in 1911, the low frequency and high frequency electrical furnaces of 1913 and 1930, and the basic oxygen process introduced in 1955.
• "...wrought iron has qualities which make it superbly fitted for hand forging, which are not equaled by mild steel.  Its ductility and softness, and the way it flows under the hammer make it prized by smiths who must forge it with hand hammers." (pg. 46).
• "The smith used a metal pattern ... to form the eye of an axe ...by splitting the metal lengthwise and wrapped it around the swage.  A steel bit was then welded into the open end and the entire axe drawn to the proper shape.  The bit and poll (opposite end to the bit) is made of steel.  The poll is weighted with hardened steel to give balance and to protect the iron body when the axe is used to drive wedges into wood." (pg. 156).
• "Today there is not a trip hammer to be found in the entire plant.  They went out in 1930 when the axe was completely forged of high carbon steel." (pg. 160).
• "Welding is the fusion of two pieces of metal by heating and hammering. ...Fluxes, such as borax and ammonium-chloride, and clean sand, are put sparingly on the metal just before the welding heat is reached.  The flux lowers the melting point of the scale [oxide of iron], allowing the scale to run off, and at the same time it serves as a prophylactic, sealing out the air which would cause more oxide of iron to form.  After the flux is applied, the metal is brought to a welding heat and welded on the anvil with the hammer." (pg. 47).
• Clear, well organized, concise, enjoyable reading and an indispensable reference for anyone interested in the history of tools.
• This is one of the references used to construct the chronology of tool manufacturing in the Davistown Museum's Hand Tools in History publication series.
• An early influence on the missions and tool picking strategies of the Liberty Tool Co.

Smith, Merritt Roe, Ed. (1985). Military enterprise and technological change. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Smithurst, Peter. (Spring 2001). The second Industrial Revolution: New England and the British connection.Tools & Technology. 19(1). pg. 1 - 4. IS.

Spring, Laverne W. (1917). Non-technical chats on iron and steel and their application to modern industry. Frederick A. Stokes Company, NY, NY. Reprinted in 1992 by Lindsay Publications Inc., Bradley, IL.

St. George, Robert Blair. (1979). The wrought covenant: Source material for the study of craftsmen and community in southeastern New England: 1620-1700. Brockton Art Center, Fuller Memorial, Brockton, MA. IS.

Stanley, Autumn. (1995). Mothers and daughters of invention: Notes for a revised history of technology. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ. IS.

• The most comprehensive listing of women inventors and their inventions.

Stansfield, A. (1907). The electric furnace. New York, NY.

Stapleton, Darwin H. (1987). The transfer of early industrial technologies to America. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.

Steinberg, Theodore. (1991). Nature incorporated: Industrialization and the waters of New England. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Steeds, S. (1969). A history of machine tools: 1700 - 1910. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.

Stephens, David. (1973). Forgotten trades of Nova Scotia. Petheric Press Ltd., Canada. IS.

Stone, Orra. (1930). History of Massachusetts industries: Their inception, growth and success. 3 vols. S. Clark, Boston, MA.

• With respect to the vigorous iron industries of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and Massachusetts during the early Republic, this publication is totally useless. It has no individual listings of foundries, forges, edge toolmakers, shipsmiths, blast furnaces, and makes no mention of such famous iron foundries as that at Bridgewater, where the iron sheathing for the Monitor was made, nor of the many blast furnaces of Taunton, Carver, and elsewhere, which supplied shot and cannon in both the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.

Strandh, Sigvard. (1989). The history of the machine. Dorset Press, NY, NY. IS.

Strassmann, W. Paul. (1956). Risk and technological innovation: American manufacturing during the nineteenth century. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.

Strohmeyer, John. (1986). Crisis in Bethlehem: Big steel's struggle to survive. Adler & Adler, Bethesda, MD. IS.

Swank, James M. (1884). History of the manufacture of iron in all ages, and particularly in the United States for three hundred years, from 1585 to 1885.  Published by the author, Philadelphia, PA.

Swank, James M. (1892). History of the manufacture of iron in all ages and particularly in the United States from colonial times to 1891. The American Iron and Steel Association, Philadelphia, PA. Reprint on demand by BLTM Books. IS.

Swank, James M. (1897). The manufacture of iron in New England. In: Davis, William, Ed. The New England states. D.H. Hurd and Co., Boston, MA.

Taber, M. Van H. (1959). A history of the cutlery industry in the Connecticut Valley. Northampton, MA.

Tann, Jennifer. (1970). The development of the factory. Cornmarket Press, London, England.

Taylor, George Rogers. (1951). The transportation revolution. Holt, Reinhart, Winston, NY, NY.

Temin, Peter. (1964). Iron and steel in nineteenth-century America. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.

Temin, Peter. (2000). Engines of enterprise: An economic history of New England. Harvard University Press, MA.

Thallner, O. (1902). Tool steel. Philadelphia, PA.

Thompson, Elroy S. (1928). The history of Plymouth, Norfolk and Barnstable counties. NY.

Thompson, Michael D. (1976). The iron industry of western Maryland. Morgantown, W.VA.

Thurston, Robert Henry. (1884). A history of the growth of the steam-engine. D. Appleton and Co., NY, NY.

Tryon, Rolla M. (1917). Household manufactures in the United States, 1640 - 1860. A study in industrial history. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

Tucker, Barbara. (1984). Samuel Slater and the origins of the American textile industry, 1790-1860. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. W.

Tunis, Edwin. (1999). Colonial craftsmen: And the beginnings of American industry. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD. IS.

• The contents are excellent for classroom preparation.

Turnbull, Archibald D. (1928). John Stevens: An American record. Publisher unknown, NY.

Turner, Ella M. (1930). James Rumsey: Pioneer in steam navigation. Publisher unknown, Scottsdale, PA.

Tweedale, Geoffrey. (1983). Sheffield steel and America: Aspects of the Atlantic migration of special steelmaking technology, 1850-1930. F. Cass & Co., London, England. IS.

Tweedale, Geoffrey. (1983). The Sheffield steel industry and its allied trades and the American market, 1850-1930. publisher unknown. W.

Tweedale, Geoffrey. (1987). Sheffield steel and America: A century of commercial and technological interdependence, 1830-1930. Cambridge University Press, NY, NY. X.

Tweedale, Geoffrey. (1995). Steel city: Entrepreneurship, strategy, and technology in Sheffield 1743-1993. Oxford, UK. W.

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