• See the annotations for this citation in the Maine History Sources: Principal sources bibliography

• "and he [Christian Le Clercq] adds 'A venerable Indian named Quiondo, whose age was estimated at one hundred and twenty, declared that he had seen the first ship that touched at their country, and that the Indians of Miramichi did not receive the cross and its use from strangers but from their ancestors.  Other Micmac bands which had been converted by missionaries did not adopt this custom as they would have done had the missionaries introduced it.' Vide First Establishment of the Faith in New France, New York, 1881, p. 11; Relation de la Gaspésie, pp. 172, 199, 266, 277." (Footnote, pg. 114).
• See more annotations for this citation in the Native Americans in Maine: Principal sources bibliography.

• This is the first of a series of publications on this subject.  All have the same author and publisher.
• Fort St. George. II: Continuing investigation of the 1607-1608 Popham colony on the Kennebec River in Maine, 1997.
• Fort St. George III: 1998 excavations at the site of the 1607-1608 Popham colony on the Kennebec River in Maine.
• Fort St. George IV: 1999 excavations at the site of the 1607-1608 Popham colony on the Kennebec River in Maine.
• Fort St. George V: 2000 excavations at the site of the 1607-1608 Popham colony on the Kennebec River in Maine.
• Fort St. George VI: 2001 excavations at the site of the 1607-1608 Popham colony on the Kennebec River in Maine.
• Fort St. George VII: 2002 excavations at the site of the 1607-1608 Popham colony on the Kennebec River in Maine.
• Fort St. George XII: 2009 excavations at the site of the 1607-1608 Popham colony on the Kennebec River in Maine.
• Fort St. George XIII: 2010 excavations at the site of the 1607-1608 Popham colony on the Kennebec River in Maine.
• Fort St. George XIV: 2011 excavations at the site of the 1607-1608 Popham colony on the Kennebec River in Maine.
• Fort St. George XV: 2012 excavations at the site of the 1607-1608 Popham colony on the Kennebec River in Maine.
• Fort St. George XVI: 2013 excavations at the site of the 1607-1608 Popham colony on the Kennebec River in Maine.

Brain, Jeffrey P. (2016). Fort St. George II: Additional archaeological investigation of the 1607-1608 Popham colony on the Kennebec River in Maine. Occasional Publications in Maine Archaeology Number 15. The Maine Historic Preservation Commission and the Maine Archaeological Society. Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA.

Burrage, Rev. Henry S. (1895). The first mention of Pemaquid in History. Collections of the Maine Historical Society. Second Series, Vol. VI. pg. 53 - 62.

• See the annotations for this citation in the Maine History Sources: Secondary Sources bibliography.

• See the annotations for this citation in the Maine History Sources: Primary sources bibliography

• "There were three places at this time on this part of the coast of Maine that had become settled, or rather were fast settling, and were rapidly gaining notoriety, prosperity, inhabitants and success.  They were Pemaquid, Sheepscot and Arrowsick; and to show the importance of the two former, in the year 1622, the Plymouth Colony, being in want of provisions, sent to Monhegan and Pemaquid for a supply which was readily granted. And it has been said without any contradiction, that the farm products that were sent to Plymouth at this time, came mostly from Sheepscot.[italics added]" (pg. xvii).
• See the other annotations for this text in the Norumbega Reconsidered bibliography.

• This whole chapter has been scanned and is available to read in our Norumbega information file.

• See our excerpts from Morison in the General History: Contemporary Sources bibliography, Native Ameican bibliography and Ancient Pemaquid essays.  Also see our information file on Morison's excellent description of the wet and dry fisheries of Labrador and Newfoundland, as well as Morison's colorful description of David Ingram's trek through Maine from the gulf coast and the role he played in the evolution of the myth of Norumbega.

• See the annotations for this citation in the Native American: Contemporary sources bibliography.

• See the annotations for this citation in the Maine History Sources: Antiquarian bibliography.

• Ida Proper has these observations about the secrecy of visits, trading and explorations by fishermen and early merchant adventurers in the ancient Pemaquid region in the mid to late 16th century:
• "During these years the fishermen were flocking to the cod grounds.  In 1527 an English captain reported that he found in the harbor of St. John, Newfoundland, alone, 11 Norman, 1 Breton and 2 Portuguese sails." (pg. 39-40).
• "In the tremendous struggle between Catholicism and Protestantism, which was going on at this time, Charles V, of Spain, with plans for world dominion in his head, Henry VIII, of England, quarreling with the Pope, and Francois I, of France, wanting power and money; hatreds and jealousies were started in Europe that continued during the centuries when America was becoming known to the world. These quarrels and wranglings were inherited by Queen Elizabeth and Phillip II of Spain. During this period two powerful Popes, Alexander VI of the Borgia family, and Clement VII of the Medici family, were in temporal power at the Vatican.  The hatreds so engendered, between these powerful monarchs, put a premium on secrecy regarding any movement toward the exploration and the colonization of America, both north and south. The desire for spiritual control of the new continents and their inhabitants added to the animosities of the time." (pg. 40-41).
• "Due to the strict espionnage kept up by the Spanish at London, many of the documents and most of the important charts which have to do with the English explorations in the North Atlantic have been found tucked away in the archives of Spain, and some also in France. Secrecy was the main of the many reasons why it has been so difficult for historians and cartographers to get records and charts of the early voyages, and to locate places accurately.  Then, too, there were many rival groups of merchant adventurers in Holland and England. These groups were rarely willing to disclose to competitors the places where they obtained their rich cargoes of furs and fish.  Fishermen were also rather reticent as to where they made their catches. They were not men of learning, and did not write accounts of their voyages, nor did they draw maps of their fishing havens." (pg. 41).
• "During this misty historical period the French, whose hardy Normans, Breton and Basque fishermen had been making yearly voyages to the cod fisheries, became interested in this new country. They even claim that the Frenchman, Cousin, or Cossin, first discovered America.  'Cousin, a navigator of Dieppe, being at sea off the African coast, was forced westward, it is said by winds and currents, to within sight of an unknown shore, where he presently described the mouth of a great river. On board his ship was one Pinzon, whose conduct became so mutinous that, on his return to Dieppe, Cousin made complaint to the magistracy, who thereupon dismissed the offender from the maritime service of the town. Pinzon went to Spain, became known to Columbus, told him the discovery, and joined him on his voyage of 1492.'" (pg. 44-45).
• "In 1517 there were said to have been one hundred and fifty French fishing vessels in Newfoundland during the season." (pg. 46).
• "So secretive were the English explorers of this time that Sir Humphrey Gilbert took unusual precaution in regard to concealing the sailing directions of his voyage.  In the winter before the voyage, Gilbert had carefully selected watchwords to be used, upon the voyage, and had sealed them up in two bullets or scowles. The bullet sealed with the yellow wax was to be opened immediately and contained the sailing directions for the English and Irish coasts. The one sealed with red wax was only to be opened after these coasts were left behind. He also arranged a code of signals by means of flags in the daytime and of lights by night." (pg. 67).
• "Newfoundland was the general term for all these fishing grounds at that period... As the fishing industry is of especial importance to our story, a letter written from Newfoundland in 1578 [footnote: A letter written to M. Richard Hakluyt of the Middle Temple, containing a report of the true state and commodities of Newfoundland, by M. Anthonie Parkhurst, Gentleman, 1578] by A. Parkhurst is unusually interesting as it describes the fishing fleets:
'Now to answer some part of your letter touching the sundry navies that come to Newfoundland, or Terra Nova, for fish: you shal understand that some fish not neere the other by 200 leagues, and therefore the certaintie is not known; and some yeres come many more than others come, as I see the like among us: who since my first travell being but 4 yeeres, are increased from 30 sayle to 56. which commeth to passe chiefly by the imagination of the Westerne men, who thinke their neighborers have had greater gaines then in very deed they have, for that they see me to take such secret commoditie by reason that I doe search the harbors, creekes and havens, and also the land much more then ever any Englishman hath done.  Surely I am glad that it so increaseth. But to let this passe, you shall understand that I am informed that there are above 100 saile of Spaniards that come to take cod (who make all wet and do drie it when they come home) besides 20. or 30. more that come from Biskaie to kill Whale for Traine. These be better appoynted for shipping and furniture of munitions, then any nation saving the Englishmen, who commonly are lords of the harbors where they fish, and do use all strangers helpe in fishing if need require, according to an old custome of the country, which thing they do willingly, so that you take noting from them more then a boat or twaine of salt, in respect of your protection of them against rovers or other violent intruders, who do often put them from good harbor etc. As touching their tunnage, I thinke it may be neere five or six thousand tunne. But of Portugals there are not lightly above 50 saile, and they make all wet in like sorte, whose tunnage may amount to three thousand tuns, and not upwarde. Of the French nation and Britons, are about one hundred and fiftie sailes and most of their shipping is very small, not past forty tunnes, among which some are great and reasonably well appointed, better than the Portuguls, and not so well as the Spaniards, and the burden of them may be some 7000 tunne. Their shipping is from all parts of France and Britaine (Brittany), and the Spaniards from most parts of Spaine, and the Portugals from Aviero and Iana and from 2 or 3 ports more. The trade that our nation hath to Island (Iceland) maketh, that the English are not there in such numbers as other nations. ...'" (pg. 56-58).
• See our other comments and extensive quotations from this text in the essay Tales of Ancient Monhegan, information files on Monhegan Island and the Italian Zeno's explorations in the Ancient Pemaquid section and annotations in the Maine History: Antiquarian sources and Pre-Columbian bibliographies.

• See the annotations for this text in the Native American special topics bibliography.

• See the annotations for this citation in the Maine History Sources: Antiquarian bibliography.

• See the annotations for this text in the Native American: Principal bibliography.

• See the annotations for this citation in the Maine History Sources: Antiquarian bibliography.

• See the annotations for this citation in the Maine History Sources: Antiquarian bibliography.

• See the annotations for this citation in the Maine History Sources: Antiquarian bibliography.

• See the annotations for this citation in the Maine History Sources: Secondary Sources bibliography.