(The listing is alphabetical: A-H, I-R, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia; the U.S.A. follows all the others)

The following section of our website has been translated into Italian by Humus - Progetto.
(The Humus Project: The effects of Chernobyl contamination on the soil.)
 

SCOTLAND

Also see the listings under United Kingdom.

(1998). The Scottish Environmental Statistics - 1998.  Economic Advice and Statistics, The Scottish Office, Edinburgh, UK.

• Online maps of radiation in Scotland.

• "A heavy rainstorm occurred between 2100 and 2300 hours on the evening of 3 May and contained summed concentrations of the nuclides ¹³²Te/¹³²I, ¹³¹I, ¹⁰³Ru, ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹⁴⁰Ba/¹⁴⁰La totaling 7,000 Bq/l ... corresponding to activity levels of 41,000 Bq/m²." (pg. 249).

Martin, C.J. and Heaton, B. (1989). The impact of Chernobyl on the marine environment in Northern Scotland. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 9. pg. 209-221.

• The biological half-lives of Cs, Ru, and Ag radionuclides in Fucus vesiculosis were 57, 80 and 210 days respectively.
• Radionuclide levels in sea spume were several thousand times greater than in sea water in June of 1986.
• Cesium quickly migrated to the sediments; ruthenium and radioactive silver lingered in the spume.

• A difficult to read but very detailed record of pervasive Chernobyl-derived radioactive contamination in all areas of Scotland, with increasing levels of radiocesium in mutton throughout the summer.

• Mean activity in 18 adults: ¹³⁴Cs: 172 Bq; ¹³⁷Cs: 363 Bq; 40K: 4,430 Bq. Peak concentrations of ¹³⁴Cs: 285 Bq; ¹³⁷Cs: 663 Bq.

Baeza, A., del Rio, M., Miro, C., Moreno, A., Navarro, E., Paniagua, J.M. and Peris, M.A. (1991). Radiocesium and radiostrontium levels in song-thrushes (Turdus philomelos) captured in two regions of Spain. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 13(1). pg. 13-24.

• Peak mean concentration in a group of 14 song thrushes captured at Valencia, ¹³⁷Cs: 208 Bq/kg dry weight for this group.

Online radiation fallout maps of Northern Europe: map 1 and map 2.  Maps of Sweden.

Ahman, B. and Ahman, G. (1994). Radiocesium in Swedish reindeer after the Chernobyl fallout: Seasonal variations and long-term decline. Health Physics. 66(5). pg. 506.
 

1986-1987	Vilhelmina Sodra	Ground deposition	137Cs	80,000 Bq/m2
1986-1987	Vilhelmina Sodra	Reindeer meat, average of 29 samples	137Cs	44,800 Bq/kg

• "¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations in reindeer during winter exceed those found during summer by about 20 times." (pg. 503).
• "Activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs in reindeer were fairly well correlated to ground deposition ." (pg. 503).
• "The ratio between ¹³⁷Cs in reindeer (kBq kg^-1 wet weight) and ground deposition (kBq m^-2) was calculated to be 0.76 m²kg^-1 for the winter period, January-April, in 1987." (pg. 503).

• "...surface activity varies between 14 and 300,000 Bq (300 kBq) ¹³⁷Cs per square meter at seven sampling points." (pg. 171).
• "Two different forms of ruthenium are observed, one which is insoluble and observed in hot spots, and one form which is transported by water." (pg. 171).

• In Aug-Sept. 1987, the activity concentration of radiocesium level increased by a factor of 2 to 3 at most localities off the Swedish Coast.
• There was no increase in plutonium or americium between 1986 and 1987.
• In another article (SSI Project P 393-86 University of Lund, Sweden), Carlson and Holm found that Fucus vesiculosis preferentially accumulates radionuclides in the following order: technicium -> americium -> plutonium -> cesium.

Danell, K., Nelin, P. and Wickman, G. (1989). ¹³⁷Caesium in Northern Swedish moose: The first year after the Chernobyl accident. Ambio. 18(2). pg. 108-111.
 

April 1986	Sweden	Ground deposition	137Cs	60,000 Bq/m2
April 1986	Sweden	Moose meat	137Cs	665 Bq/kg (mean)

• "Concentration of cesium in moose muscle correlated positively with ground deposition."
• "3,661 moose: Average was 470 Bq/kg fresh weight for calves and 300 Bq/kg for older animals." (pg. 108).
• The average level before accident was 33 Bq/kg.

• "Actual impact upon agriculture seemed modest in the beginning...." (pg. 16).
• Peak concentrations in Norway and Sweden were soon noted in excess of 100,000 Bq/m² in some locations.

• A hot particle of nearly pure ruthenium was noted (the diameter is ~ 1µm); ¹⁰³Ru: 10,000 Bq; ¹⁰⁶Ru: 2,800 Bq; 51Cr: 1,700 Bq; ⁹⁹Mo, 99Mtc: 1,600 Bq.

• In an area of very low deposition (11.6 Bq/m²) the activity concentration ratio of cesium-137 m²/kg of Fucus ranged from 0.66-1.3, where fallout was primarily dry deposition of large and not particularly soluble particles.

Fox, B. (1988). Porous minerals soak up Chernobyl's fallout. New Scientist. 2. pg. 36.

• "Boiling contaminated reindeer meat (15,000 Bq/kg) in 1/2 liter water containing 10 grams mordenite reduced contamination to 1,200 Bq/kg.

• "A register was compiled containing a broad set of data from 644 Swedish lakes. The median ¹³⁷Cs concentration in fish increased between 1986 and 1987 by between 13% (trout) and 240% (pike)." (pg. 207).
• "The increase between 1987 and 1988 has stagnated for most species, but not for pike where the concentration increased 82% in 'the median lake'." (pg. 207).
• About 14,000 lakes in Sweden had fish ('100g perch') with ¹³⁷Cs concentrations above 1500 Bq/kg (wet weight)... during the autumn of 1987." (pg. 207).

Hardy, E., Krey, P., Klusek, C., Miller, K., Helfer, I., Sanderson, C. and Rivera, W. (1986). Observations and sampling by EML in Sweden, with preliminary gamma-ray spectrometric data. In: Environmental Measurements Laboratory: A compendium of the Environmental Measurements Laboratory's research projects related to the Chernobyl nuclear accident: October 1, 1986. Report No. EML-460. New York, U.S. Department of Energy, New York, NY. pg. 224-243.
 

May 5, 1986	Skutskar, Sweden	Ground Deposition	95Zr	14,000 Bq/m2
May 5, 1986	Skutskar	G. Deposition	95Nb	14,000 Bq/m2
May 5, 1986	Skutskar	G. Deposition	103Ru	7,800 Bq/m2
May 5, 1986	Skutskar	G. Deposition	131I	890,000 Bq/m2
May 5, 1986	Skutskar	G. Deposition	132Te, 132I	260,000 Bq/m2
May 5, 1986	Skutskar	G. Deposition	134Cs	150,000 Bq/m2
May 5, 1986	Skutskar	G. Deposition	136Cs	44,000 Bq/m2
May 5, 1986	Skutskar	G. Deposition	137Cs	240,000 Bq/m2
May 5, 1986	Skutskar	G. Deposition	140Ba	180,000 Bq/m2
May 5, 1986	Skutskar	G. Deposition	140La	210,000 Bq/m2
May 5, 1986	Skutskar	G. Deposition	141Ce	10,000 Bq/m2

• Prior to the Chernobyl accident, ¹³⁷Cs deposition at Skutskar was estimated to be 1,500 Bq.
• In Skutskar, background radiation rose to 900 µRh^-1; in Stockholm, it was 30 µRh^-1.
• This data is an example of when "the dose and subsequent health risks to the population of Western Europe are minimal." (pg. 259).

• "Equivalent surface deposition as an average for the whole country: about 3,000 Bq/m² of ¹³⁴Cs and 5,000 Bq/m² of ¹³⁷Cs." (pg.152).
• "Accumulated cesium deposition from nuclear weapons fallout 1955-1980: about 4,000 Bq/m² of ¹³⁷Cs (Cs-134 was only present in small amounts)." (pg.152).
• "Using a risk factor of 0.02 fatal cancers for man-Sievert the Chernobyl fallout over Sweden might cause 100 to 200 fatal cancers." (pg. 152).

• "The mean ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in moose muscle samples from the three areas with a ground deposition from 20 to 60 kBq m^-2 varied between 540 and 915 Bq kg^-1 [N= 1,119 moose]"(pg. 251).

• Areas of wet deposition exhibited the highest levels of fallout.
• "...components in the fallout show wide variations...¹³⁷Cs dominated the coast of southern Norrlan; ¹³¹I to the north and south, with the central Uppland area characterized by ¹³²Te dominating over ¹³¹I..." (pg. 182).

Lindahl, Patric, Roos, Per, Eriksson, Mats and Holm, Elis. (2004). Distribution of Np and Pu in Swedish lichen samples (Cladonia stellaris). Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 73(1). pg. 73-85.

Malmgren, L. and Jansson, M. (February 1996). The fate of Chernobyl radiocesium in the River Ore catchment, northern Sweden. Oceanographic Literature Review. 43(2). pg. 196.

Mattson, S. and Vesanen, R. (1988). Patterns of Chernobyl fallout in relation to local weather conditions. Environmental International. 14. pg. 177-180.

• "99% of Chernobyl-derived radionuclides were deposited in one single period of rain on May 8, 1986; dry deposition was 1% of the remaining." (pg.177).

• Peak air concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs to 1.7 Bq/m³ April 28; peak weapons fallout was 6.7 mBq/m³ in 1959.

• 1991 mean concentration levels of ¹³⁷Cs in moose (range: 105-1060 Bq/kg fresh weight) from 8 moose home ranges showed no significant correlation with ground deposition during the summer home range, and a sample of 119 moose from a larger area of Sweden showed only a partial correlation with ground deposition.

• Deposition of cesium mainly occurred through wet deposition; ⁹⁵Zr and ²³⁹Np mainly occurred as dry deposition.

• The total radioisotopic activity in lake algae was 296,000 Bq/kg, 2,000 Bq of which was naturally occurring 40K; the majority of the remaining activity was Chernobyl-derived ^134,137Cs, ^103,106Ru, ¹⁴⁰Ba, ⁹⁵Nb and ¹¹⁰Ag.

• External gamma radiation levels in Sweden 2-500 µRh^-1 above the 10-15 µRh^-1 background, with peak values at 1,000 µRh^-1.
• ¹³¹I deposition to 170,000 Bq/m²; initial activities in pure rainwater to 500,000 Bq/l; raw farm milk to 2,900 Bq/l.

• "Activity analyses of soil samples,... showed a mean deposition of ¹³⁷Cs of 15.7 (range 14.1-17.6) kBq/m²." (pg. 237).
• ¹³⁷Cs concentration of the herbage cut at the various sites decreased with time from 1,175 to 900 Bq/kg dry weight." (pg. 237).
• "The average ¹³⁷Cs concentration in the abdomen wall muscle of lamb carcasses was 1,087, 668, 513 and 597 Bq/kg wet weight in the years 1990-1993 respectively..." (pg. 237).
• "All carcasses exceeded the intervention level applied in Sweden, 300 Bq ¹³⁷Cs/kg, and were thus discarded for human consumption." (pg. 237).

Baltensperger, U., Gaggeler, H.W. and Jost, D.T. (1987). Chernobyl radioactivity in size-fractionated aerosol. J. Aerosol. Sci. 18. pg. 685-688.

• "Highest activity of ¹³¹I was found in size fractions smaller than those for the nuclides ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³²Te and ¹⁰³Ru." (pg. 685).
• ²⁴²Cm was also noted along with hot particles containing ⁹⁵Zr, ⁹⁵Nb and ¹⁴⁴Ce. (Please see additional citations on hot particles in this section of RADNET.)

• ¹³⁷Cs deposition to above 43,000 Bq/m² noted in SW Switzerland.

• "Maximum ambient air concentration occurred May 1, peaking at 2 Bq/m³ for ¹³⁷Cs (2,000,000 µBq/m³), one half that of Studsvik, Sweden." (pg. 22).
• "¹³¹I mainly present in the gas phase... ¹³⁷Cs, 131Te and ¹⁰³Ru were presumably ejected as particles or attached very early to aerosols and grew by coagulation with other particles during transport." (pg.22).

• Online radiation maps of Switzerland are part of this document.

• Fallout patterns were correlated with erratic rainfall; all areas received some dry deposition.
• External dose rate to 150 µRh^-1.

• "¹³⁷Cs on the surface of the Needles was found to be water insoluble; ... activity in twigs is one half that in soil." (pg. 225-226).

Gedikoglu, A. and Sipahi, B.L. (1989). Chernobyl radioactivity in Turkish tea. Health Physics. 56(1). pg. 97-101.

• 90% of the activity measured was due to ^134,137Cs; activity range in dry tea was 1,064 Bq/kg to 44,000 Bq/kg (1,196,800 pCi/kg). The ratio of activity transferred to brewed tea was estimated at 65%.
• None of the tea samples were below the USFDA action level for contaminated foodstuffs.
• A paradigm for the impact of Chernobyl over vast areas of Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan, where voiceless millions have no access to radiological surveillance data.

Also see the listings under Scotland.

Online fallout maps of the United Kingdom map 1 and map 2.

Cambray, R.S., Cawse, P.A., Garland, J.A., Gibson, J.A.B., Johnson, P., Lewis, G.N.J., Newton, D., Salmon, L. and Wade, B.O. (1987). Observations on radioactivity from the Chernobyl accident. Nucl. Energy. 26(2). pg. 77-101.
 

1-6 May 1986	Lerwick, Shetland	Ground deposition	131I	26,000 Bq/m2
1-6 May 1986	Holmrook, Cumbria	Ground deposition	131I	41,000 Bq/m2

• Maximum levels of Chernobyl-derived ¹³⁷Cs are reported as only 10,000 Bq/m², also at Holmrook, Cumbria, much less than peak concentrations noted in later reports.

Camplin, W.C., Mitchell, N.T., Leonard, D.R.P. and Jefferies, D.F. (1986). Radioactivity in surface and coastal waters of the British Isles. Monitoring of fallout from the Chernobyl reactor accident. Aquatic Environment Monitoring Report No. 15. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Lowestoft.

• This report shows only a light pulse of Chernobyl radioactivity in the surface and coastal waters; many Chernobyl-derived fission products are recorded in sediments, but data concerning contamination in other media is limited by the number of samples taken and the fact that Chernobyl-derived radioactivity did not have enough time to bioaccumulate in significant quantities in sentinel organisms.
• Pre-Chernobyl concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs (Bq/kg wet weight) were noted as codfish 52 Bq/kg; shrimp 42 Bq/kg; winkles 80 Bq/kg; cockles 22 Bq/kg; mussels 13 Bq/kg, and in fresh water, brown trout at 339 Bq/kg.

Clark, M.J. and Smith, F.B. (1988). Wet and dry deposition of Chernobyl releases. Nature. 332. pg. 245-249.

• ¹³⁷Cs was present in the atmosphere, mostly as particulate species with wet deposition mechanisms dominating... ¹³¹I was present as particulate and vapor phase material... both wet and dry deposition mechanisms were important.

Fry, F.A., Clarke, R.H. and O'Riordan, M.C. (1986). Early estimates of UK radiation doses from the Chernobyl reactor. Nature. 321. pg. 193-195.

• "... mechanisms of human exposure to the contaminants from Chernobyl:...(in sequence) external irradiation by the passing cloud; inhalation of radioactive material in the cloud; beta ray contamination of the skin; external irradiation by material deposited on the ground; ingestion of contaminated foods." (pg. 194).

• ¹³⁷Cs measured at 15,000 Bq/m² of which 7,400 Bq/m² was attributed to Chernobyl fallout.

• SW England received low fallout levels from Chernobyl.

• This early report grossly underestimates the amount of Chernobyl-derived fallout and its radiological impact on the United Kingdom.
• While much of the emphasis is on air concentration, it is obvious that measurements of air concentration alone are insufficient to provide a comprehensive understanding of the radiological impact of a nuclear accident such as Chernobyl. Later and more comprehensive surveys of biological media indicated the impact of Chernobyl was much more significant than this initial report indicates. Particularly misleading are the early reports (32 samples) for radionuclide concentrations in meats (pg. 169) which, while showing substantial contamination in Cumbria, failed to document the full impact of the Chernobyl accident in the northern sections of the United Kingdom.
• This report does document substantial contamination of milk and milk products throughout the United Kingdom, with particularly high readings in Cumbria. Peak concentrations of radiocesium are reported as high as 380 Bq/l. Extensive contamination with radioiodine is also noted. The data in this report illustrate the fact that the fallout patterns from an accident such as Chernobyl are highly erratic, affecting one area while skipping another.

• ¹³¹I activity range in the neck region: adults 8-33 Bq; children 2-16 Bq.

• "The daily proportion of ¹³¹I intake which was secreted in milk was 56%. This is an order of magnitude higher than for cattle..." (pg. 155).

• This report documents a relatively light pulse of Chernobyl-derived radiocesium in the marine food chain and gives no hint of much higher levels of radiocesium in the terrestrial food chain. The highest levels of radioactivity are reported in freshwater fish, with mean radioactive concentration levels reported as high as 2,300 Bq/kg of ¹³⁷Cs in pike in Scotland. Radiocesium-134,137 levels in many samples of freshwater fish are frequently reported in the +/- 1000 Bq/kg range.

• "Peak concentrations reached in May 1986 in milk were... 500 to 1000 times the mean values reported for 1985 for ¹³¹I and ¹³⁷Cs. Levels of ⁹⁰Sr were elevated by a factor of no more than 3 to 4." (pg. 81).
• Total cesium to 63,000 Bq/m², 60% of which can be attributed to Chernobyl.

• "Initial mathematical model predictions of a quick decline in cesium levels proved incorrect... acidic peat soils with low clay content do not bind the cesium... over 270,000 sheep plus their lambs are (still) under restrictions compared to 4.2 million initially." (pg. 821).

• Radiocesium more accessible to plant roots than expected due to lower than expected binding with clay or loam; restrictions on sheep extended to farms previously designated as safe (August, 1987).

• ^110mAg peak concentration in beef and lamb liver: 74 Bq/kg.

Livens, F.R., Fowler, D. and Horrill, A.D. (1992). Wet and dry deposition of ¹³¹I, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs at an upland site in northern England. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 16(3). pg. 243-254.

• Study was done in an area of very light Chernobyl fallout. Pu: 1,230 Bq/m² at the summit of test area (elevation 847 m).
• "Only 20% of the ¹³¹I is wet deposited, compared with almost all of the ¹⁰³Ru and cesium isotopes." (pg. 252).
• Enhanced cesium activity was noted at the summit, suggesting "turbulant cloud water deposition" as the clouds encountered the summit top.

• Pre-Chernobyl peak concentration was 7,400 Bq/kg, with a geometric mean of 640 Bq/kg for 52 samples taken in Wales in January 1985.

• The initial Chernobyl fallout ¹³⁷Cs to ¹³⁴Cs ratio was 1.90; mean deposition level was 3,200 Bq/m²; peak concentration was 14,200 Bq/m².
• The overall mean pre-Chernobyl figure for 111 sites was 600-800 Bq/m² to a depth of 30 mm, excluding ¹³⁷Cs which had been mechanically redistributed to deeper soil.

• "Chernobyl derived radiocesium... largely masked the activity of fuel reprocessing (BNF-Sellafield) origin previously found in the North Sea." (pg. 173).

Nair, S. and Darley, P.J. (1986). A preliminary assessment of individual doses in the environs of Berkeley, Gloucestershire, following the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident. J. Soc. Radiol. Prot. 6(3). pg. 101-108.

• In an area of very low Chernobyl fallout, ¹³²Te in fresh grass: 460 Bq/kg; ¹⁰³Ru in fresh spinach: 140 Bq/kg; initial estimate of ¹³⁷Cs ground deposition: 630 Bq/m². This is probably an underestimation of the actual deposition in this area.

Nicholson, K.W. and Hedgecock, J.B. (1991). Behavior of radioactivity from Chernobyl - weathering from buildings. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 14(3). pg. 225-232.

• In an area of relatively low dry deposition, both concrete and clay tiles showed negligible weathering of radiocesium and, in some cases, an increase in radiocesium levels that cannot be explained.

• "Feces radiocesium activity was shown to be more appropriate than vegetation radiocesium activity as a predictor of in-vivo radiocesium activity in free ranging mountain sheep." (pg. 33).

• Pre-Chernobyl ¹³⁷Cs: 3,640 Bq/m²; Chernobyl-derived ^134,137Cs: 15,169 Bq/m².

• This is a landmark aerial radiometric survey and follows an initial survey by the Scottish Universities' Reactor Research Centre (see Wynne, 1989) which showed Chernobyl-derived ¹³⁷Cs deposition in Cumbria up to forty times higher than originally reported by the MAFF Institute for Terrestrial Ecology ground survey.
• This aerial survey showed deposition levels exceeding 60,000 Bq/m² in areas of Cumbria. Follow-up investigations located isolated areas of contamination up to 300,000 Bq/m² near the Sellafield fuel reprocessing facility, at least half of which have been attributed to the Chernobyl accident (see Wynne, 1989).
• The detail and the quality of the radiometric map which resulted from this survey marks a new era in radiological surveillance. The technology for such a survey has long been available and has often been used in the past in the search for oil-bearing geological deposits and their naturally occurring radioactive signals. This is the first time such a survey of a nuclear accident has been made available to the public, and the detailed polychromatic map of the Chernobyl fallout patterns raises the question of why such surveys are not available for many other source points of radioactive contamination.
• Following the publication of the Cumbria aerial radiometric survey, a second aerial radiometric survey has been made public by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. To view the Deposition Map, just click on this link, or contact Sverker Forsberg by email at <sverker.forsberg@mv.slu.se> The Nordic Deposition Map characterizes slightly more intense and equally erratic levels of Chernobyl-derived contamination in Southern Finland and Central Sweden and Norway.
• Radiometric surveys of Chernobyl fallout within Russia have recently been issued and will be cited as soon as we can obtain copies or more information about the maps.

Walling, D.E. and Bradley, S.B. (1988). Transport and redistribution of Chernobyl fallout radionuclides by fluvial processes: some preliminary evidence. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 10(2). pg. 35-39.

• ¹³⁷Cs loading in floodplains soils up to 100 times greater than in adjacent areas above the floodplain.
• ITE (Institute of Terrestrial Ecology) vegetation survey results in gross underestimation of Chernobyl-derived radiocesium (see Wynne, B., 1989).

• In vivo monitoring of 100 live sheep introduced to a grazing area containing up to 2,000 Bq/kg of radiocesium-134,137 in herbage resulted in peak average activity levels of 1,300 Bq/kg in the grazing sheep.

• Eighteen healthy adults, group mean ¹³⁴Cs level: 174 Bq.

Wynne, B. (1989). Sheep farming after Chernobyl. Environment. 31(2). pg. 10-39.

• Initial surveys of ¹³⁷Cs deposition on vegetation by the Institute for Terrestrial Ecology (ITE) showed peak concentrations below 5,000 Bq/m².
• In the fall of 1988, an aerial grid survey sponsored by Scottish Universities' Reactor Research Centre showed some areas of Scotland with up to 40 times the official MAFF (ITE) figures. Peak ground deposition concentrations of Chernobyl-derived radiocesium(134/137) were actually 100,000 Bq/m².
• Peak concentrations of radiocesium in the Sellafield vicinity were 300,000 Bq/m². While Sellafield and NRPB (National Radiological Protection Board) officials had previously denied any significant Sellafield-derived aerial deposition of radiocesium, it is unlikely that Chernobyl-derived radiocesium was greater than 100,000 Bq/m² in this vicinity, the Chernobyl accident having opened a Pandora's box of issues in a closet full of nuclear skeletons.
• A new and updated MAFF report: Aerial and Radiometric Surveys in West Cumbria, 1988, previously cited above, was issued after the first aerial survey and remains the first official comprehensive aerial radiometric survey of a specific, if limited, area available to the general public in radiological surveillance literature.

Byrne, A.R. (1988). Radioactivity in fungi in Slovenia, Yugoslavia, following the Chernobyl accident. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 6. pg. 177-183.

• "The median concentration of ^137,134Cs in R. caperata from over 40 sampling sites was about 22,000 Bq/kg dry weight." (pg. 177).
• "Radiocesium levels in certain species will probably increase further next year, and subsequently as Cs migrates down the soil profile." (pg. 177).
• "^110mAg was found in concentrations of up to 500 Bq/kg dry weight in certain species known to be Ag accumulators." (pg. 177).

• "The maximum radiostrontium concentration in rain appeared during the period 3-5 May ... most of the activity in plants resulted from direct absorption through the leaves." (pg. 159).