(The listing is alphabetical: A-H, Italy, Japan, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia and former USSR, S-Z; the U.S.A. follows all the others)

The following section of our website has been translated into Italian by Humus - Progetto.
(The Humus Project: The effects of Chernobyl contamination on the soil.)
 

ITALY

Astori, E. et. al. (April 1, 1999). Surface contamination of radiocesium measured and calculated in South Piemonte (Italy). J. Environ. Radioactivity. 45(1). pg. 29-38.

Baldini, E., Bettoli, M.B. and Tubertini, O. (1987). Measurements on Chernobyl fallout in forest vegetation. Inorganica Chimica Acta. 140. pg. 331-333.
 

July 10, 1986	N. Italy	Lichens	137Cs	12,100 Bq/kg
July 10, 1986	N. Italy	Spruce twigs	137Cs	3,750 Bq/kg
July 10, 1986	N. Italy	Scotch pine twigs	137Cs	2,520 Bq/kg
July 10, 1986	N. Italy	Larch twigs	137Cs	1,600 Bq/kg

• Lesser amounts of ¹⁴¹Ce, ¹⁴⁴Ce and ¹⁴⁰Ba-¹⁴⁰La were noted.

• "¹³⁷Cs deposition in N. Italy ranged from 60,000 Bq/m² down to 2,000-5,000 Bq/m² on the coastal plain." (pg. 329).
• 15,577 millibecquerels (mBq) equals 15,577,000 microbecquerels (µBq).

• 28.6 becquerels (Bq) equals 28,600,000 microbecquerels (µBq).
• Average cumulative deposit from weapons test fallout from ²³⁹Pu noted as 62 Bq/m².

• Peak concentration of ¹³⁷Cs in edible mushrooms noted as 27,626 Bq/kg of which 21,978 Bq were Chernobyl-derived.
• Total ^134,137Cs deposition to 60,000 Bq/m² and higher (1:2 initial isotope ratio).

• High activity ratios of ^110mAg to ¹³⁷Cs in the marine mollusk Pinna nobilis were recorded in the range of 15-36 Bq/kg, compared to that in dust in air filters, 0.4-0.5, illustrating the tendency of this very large bivalve mollusk to concentrate ^110mAg present in seawater.

Capra, E., Drigo, A. and Menin, A. (1989). Cesium-137 urinary excretion by northeastern (Pordenone) Italian people following the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Health Physics. 57(1). pg. 99-106.
 

May 20, 1986	Pordenone	Milk	137Cs	254 Bq/dm3
Sept 30, 1987	Pordenone	Meat	137Cs	395 Bq/kg

• Peak urinary excretion of ¹³⁷Cs occurred 300 to 425 days after main fallout cloud passage on May 5, 1986: pv 15-20 Bq/day.

• ¹¹⁰Ag activity in fungi collected in autumn 1986 was not detectable.
• "Samples collected in 1988 and 1989 showed a remarkable accumulation of ^110mAg (to 28 Bq/kg on Dec. 16, 1988)." (pg. 75).
• "^110mAg was indeed present in soils in 1986 but that it was not available to fungi because of its chemical form and because of lack of rainfall." (pg. 75).

• Radiocesium content of lamb is higher than any other meats considered. (pg. 179).
• "When meat is cooked in salt water (14%), the activity decreases by as much as 80%." (pg. 179).

• The average weight of a thyroid is 20 grams.

Spezzano, P., Bortoluzzi, S., Giacomelli, R. and Massironi, L. (1994). Seasonal variations of ¹³⁷Cs activities in the Dora Baltea River (Northwest Italy) after the Chernobyl accident. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 22(1). pg. 77-88.

• "Increased water concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs in summer were attributed to cesium deposition and accumulation on snow covered surfaces in winter and a delayed release in summer during ice and snow melting." (pg. 77).

• "Predicted values were 2.6, 2.1, and 5.6 times higher than observed results for ¹³¹I, and 4.3, 3.7 and 16 times higher for ¹³⁷Cs, for vegetation to air, milk to vegetation, and milk to air ratios, respectively." ( pg. 235).

• "97% of the total deposition occurred between April 30 and May 7." (pg. 89).
• "Wet deposition... was the dominant process in controlling deposition to the ground for the particulate radionuclides." (pg. 89).

Aoyama, M., Hirose, K. and Sugimura, Y. (1991). The temporal variation of stratospheric fallout derived from the Chernobyl accident. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 13(2). pg. 103-116.

• Chernobyl-derived stratospheric fallout continued until the end of 1988.
• Annual ¹³⁷Cs deposits were 135, 0.95, and 0.57 Bq/m², with 80% of this from Chernobyl.
• Peak weapons fallout of ¹³⁷Cs was in June 1963 at Tokyo: 548 Bq/m².
• Resuspension of ¹³⁷Cs contributed 2% and 34% to the annual deposition in 1987 and 1988 respectively. (pg. 113).

Aoyama, M., Hirose, K., Suzuki, Y., Inoue, H. and Sugimura, Y. (1986). High levels of radioactive nuclides in Japan in May. Nature. 321. pg. 819-820.

• The Chernobyl plume arrived in Japan in the form of an abrupt change of atmospheric radioactivity - with an increase of about a thousand fold in air concentration of ¹³⁷Cs.

• Twenty nuclides were observed in two kinds of plumes in early (1,500 m) and late May (6,300 m), with a highest level in Northwestern Japan; the average deposition of ¹³⁷Cs from May 1 to May 22 was 95 Bq/m², 550 times higher than the pre-Chernobyl value.

• "The decontamination ratio of ¹³¹I content in leafy vegetables and edible wild grass samples boiled in water to that in washed samples was 0.51 +/- 0.21. The ratio of ¹³¹I content in leafy vegetables and edible wild grass samples boiled in water to that in washed samples was 0.51 +/- 0.19 on an average." (pg. 135).

• Twenty nuclides were detected in air, the dominant species being ¹³¹I, ¹⁰³Ru, ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³⁴Cs; maximum air concentration for ¹³¹I was 0.8 Bq/m³ (800,000 µBq/m³) on May 5.

Kawamura, H., Sakurai, Y., Shiraishi, K. and Yanagisawa, K. (1988). Concentrations of ¹³¹I in the urine of Japanese adults and children following the Chernobyl nuclear accident. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 6. pg. 185-189.

• ¹³¹I peak concentrations to 3.3 Bq/dm³ in a male adult.

• Nuclides in fine air-borne particles have been incorporated into biogenic material formed in the surface ocean and transferred downward with velocities of +/- 100 meters per day.

• ¹³¹I concentrations in milk to 400 pCi/l, 4-5 times higher than in rainwater.

• "Physiochemical forms of ¹³¹I were 19% particulate iodine, 5% I², 6% HOI and 70% organic iodides." (pg. 65).

• ¹³⁷Cs activity over a thousand times the usual level was detected in airborne dust from the end of April to the beginning of May. AMAD (activity median aerodynamic diameters) range were 0.25 to 0.70 µm.

• Iodide was the predominant species; no iodate was noted 1-6 May; iodate concentration was 1/3 that of iodide in mid-May sampling period; by June 1, ¹³¹I species were not detectable.

• Before the Chernobyl accident ¹³⁷Cs body burdens were about 30 Bq, rising the following year, 1986, to over 50 Bq with values still increasing in May of 1987. This compares to body burdens in England of 250-450 Bq. Differences in ¹³⁷Cs body burdens among individuals studied have become smaller with time.

• Mushroom ¹³⁷Cs activity varied widely; no other sample was greater than 3,110 Bq/kg.
• "The proportions of ¹³⁷Cs originated from the Chernobyl accident... and were calculated in the range of 7-60% (1989) and 10-23% (1990)" (pg. 143).

Ballestra, S.B., Holm, E., Walton, A. and Whitehead, N.E. (1987). Fallout deposition at Monaco following the Chernobyl accident. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 5. pg. 391-400.
 

May 4-5, 1986	Monaco	Deposition in rainfall	131I	7,517 Bq/m2
May 4-5, 1986	Monaco	Deposition in rainfall	103Ru	2,350 Bq/m2

• A total of 33 radioisotopes were detected; one week later, activities had fallen to about 1% of peak values.

• ¹⁴¹Ce and ¹⁴⁴Ce were rapidly removed from surface waters and transported to 200 m in a few days primarily by zooplankton grazing ( by rapidly sinking fecal pellets).

• Two pulses of Chernobyl-derived radioactivity were noted: the first on April 29-30; the second activity peak was May 4-5, allowing detection and differentiation of two different phases of the accident, even though Monaco and Chernobyl are about 1900 km apart. (pg. 260-61).
• Unusual radionuclides such as 105Ru, 111Ag, 125Sn and 126Sb were identified as being present in small amounts, out of a total of 34 nuclides observed.

• Chernobyl-derived radionuclides in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) included 129Te: 2,203 Bq/kg; ^129mTe: 2,774 Bq/kg; ¹³¹I: 5,387 Bq/kg; ¹³²Te: 3,168 Bq/kg (all soft parts, wet weight).
• Fifty days later, the concentration factor was 1/20 to 1/50 of the May 7 values.

Frissel, M.J., Stoutjesdijk, J.F., Koolwijk, A.C. and Koster, H.W. (1987). The Cs-137 contamination of soils in the Netherlands an its consequences for the contamination of crop products. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science. 35. pg. 339-346.

• Total ¹³⁷Cs deposition levels in the Netherlands in 1954 to 1982: 4,600 Bq/m², even distribution. Remaining weapons fallout deposition in soils in 1987, 1,500 Bq ¹³⁷Cs.
• Chernobyl-derived radiocesium deposition levels: estimated dry deposition in May, 1986 500 Bq/m², even distribution. Estimated wet deposition May, 1986, 0-5,500 Bq/m², extremely variable distribution.

• Activity concentration levels of Chernobyl-derived radiocesium in lichens closely followed ground deposition levels in the Netherlands (Activity per lichen dry weight vs. activity deposited per unit area (m²) = approximately 1. (pg. 229).

• Chernobyl-derived radiosilver probably originated from 200 in core neutron detectors which had emitters composed of silver.

• 1986 radiocesium contaminated grass silage was used as feed in 1988 for dairy cows. (Average 1986 grass silage: ¹³⁷Cs 171.8 Bq/kg, dry weight.) Milk: to 4.7 Bq/l.
• 40-55% of the daily radiocesium intake was excreted daily.
• Average excretion rate of radiocesium for two cows was 4-5% in milk; 5-9% in urine and 32-43% in feces.

Online radiation fallout maps of Northern Europe: map 1 and map 2.

Blakar, I.A., Hongve, D. and Njastad, O. (1992). Chernobyl cesium in the sediments of Lake Hoysjoen, central Norway. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 17(1). pg. 49-58.

• Total radiocesium activity in soils in affected areas of Norway was in the range of 5,000-200,000 Bq m^-2.
• Study area deposition was about 50,000 Bq m^-2.
• Sediment concentration was similar to that in surrounding soil but higher accumulation was noted in a riverine plume due to runoff from frozen wetland after deposition and subsequent melting.
• Lake sediment contamination range "was rather homogeneous with activities between 25 and 75 kBq m^-2 in most parts of the lake." (pg. 53).
• Stationary populations of brown trout and antic char contained about 1% of activity in the sediments." (pg. 53).

• 1986 average total cesium content rose to 7000 Bq/kg wet weight, falling to 4,000 Bq in 1988. No further declines were noted in 1988 and 1989, though there was considerable variation in content measured in individual fish.
• An observed half life of 3.0 years for ¹³⁷Cs in trout was estimated.

• "One sediment sample with 1,846 kBq/m² (1,846,000 Bq/m²) was discarded." (pg. 6).
• "... The radiocesium concentration increased with increasing percentage of organic matter, water content, and with distance from the main inlet.... the total radiocesium activity in the sediments may remain unchanged or even increase during the years to come." (pg. 1).

• "Uptake of ¹³⁷Cs from soil to plants through their root system is not a rapid process... the effect of the Chernobyl releases is not an acute but a long-term phenomenon." (Dialog abstract quote).

• "Natural and artificial radioactivity in the snow of 10 Svalbard glaciers has been measured from 31 ice core samples, drilled between 1981 and 1993. Of these ice cores seven exhibit the well-known level arising from the fallout of the 1961-62 atmospheric thermonuclear tests. The second level, due to the Chernobyl accident (26 April 1986), has been detected in all the studied glaciers; the maximum ¹³⁷Cs fallout reaches 22 Bq kg^-1 and shows a high variability." (pg. 161).
• "The Chernobyl fallout is about 20Bq m^-2 per annum, similar to the value found in Greenland, and smaller than that found in the French Alps (400 Bq m^-2 per annum)." (pg. 174).
• "The ¹³⁷Cs fallout from the atmospheric thermonuclear tests reaches about 10 to 20 times the Chernobyl fallout, at 200-540 Bq m^-2, at the deposition date." (pg. 174).
• "The natural radioactivity (mainly ²¹⁰Pb) is higher than the artificial deposits, ... The fallout of ²¹⁰Pb since 1986 is about 5 times the deposit of ¹³⁷Cs from Chernobyl." (pg. 174).

• "Present and recent past mean net accumulations are estimated from the detection of dated radioactive layers in 31 shallow ice-cores over ten glaciers in Svalbard. The reference layer due to fall-out of radioactive elements after the Chernobyl accident has been detected in 25 ice cores and gives a clear mark of the 1986 ablation surface. A layer corresponding to fall-out from atmospheric nuclear tests conducted in 1961 and 1962 has also been detected in eight ice cores." (pg. 73).

• Contamination in aquatic invertebrates varied widely due to patchy rainfall associated deposition.
• Some samples showed an increase between 1988 and 1989.

• Mean value of ground deposition in all grazing areas equaled 54,000 Bq m^-2.
• Depending on the type of vegetation in the grazed areas, the transfer of radiocesium from soil to grazed vegetation (Bq kg^-1 dry extrusa/Bq m^-2 soil) was estimated to 0.02-0.04 in sheep, 0.02-0.05 in goats and 0.02-0.43 in reindeer for 1987. (pg. 39).

• Concentration of cesium was much less in another lichen, hylocomium physodes, and was less in spruce forest due to absorption of cesium by needles prior to deposition on lichen.

• The Norwegian survey used approximately 30,000 samples on foodstuffs in the first year after the Chernobyl accident; the above data are peak concentrations.
• The estimated annual intake of radiocesium following the Chernobyl accident for the average Norwegian consumer was 10,500 Bq.

Broda, R. (1987). Gamma spectroscopy analysis of hot particles from the Chernobyl fallout. Acta Physica Polica. B18. pg. 935-950.
 

Example of radioactive fallout composition in Krakow - Poland. A soil sample of 0.5 cm layer was measured 1st of May.
132Te - 29.3 kBq/m2	140Ba - 2.5 kBq/m2
132I - 25.7 kBq/m2	140La - 2.4 kBq/m2
131I - 23.6 kBq/m2	99Mo - 1.7 kBq/m2
129mTe - 8.0 kBq/m2	106Ru - 1.3 kBq/m2
103Ru - 6.1 kBq/m2	127Sb - 0.8 kBq/m2
137Cs - 5.2 kBq/m2	136Cs - 0.7 kBq/m2
134Cs - 2.7 kBq/m2

• Ground level activity up to 360,000 Bq/m² in Kracow area; the above sample is from a less contaminated area of Kracow.
• Numerous hot particles were found in both the Kracow and Masurian Lakes regions. See the summary of the same citation in Hot Particles above.

• On April 30, 1986, Warsaw ground level air concentration of ¹³¹I was 11.5 Bq/m³ (11,500,000 µBq).

• Peak gross air contamination in Kracow reached 250 Bq/m³ on April 30, 1986. Little nuclide specific data available. Ruthenium hot particles were observed.

• Very large spatial and temporal variability of radioactive fallout in Poland. Total beta measurements were made only with crude instrumentation.

• Many hot spots were noted measuring tens to hundreds of meters across and exhibiting levels radioactivity ten times higher than the surrounding area. Ruthenium was the predominant hot spot nuclide although a few hot spots also had barium or lanthinum as the predominant nuclide.

• Early official reports from Poland were very inaccurate.

• Total ¹³⁷Cs loading of Lake Sniardwy estimated at an average of 6,100 Bq m^-2.
• Approximate particles settling rate one meter per day.
• " The average Activity with ¹³⁷Cs in the flesh of bream increased up to 120 times that of pre Chernobyl levels measured in 1985. (Bream to 493 mBq/g)" (pg. 157-158).

• August 1986 samples of Umbilicaria collected in SW Poland showed significant increases in radioactivity over 1978-79 levels. Lichen are highly efficient accumulators of radionuclides.

• Average values of ^239,240Pu in seawater: 5 mBq m^-3 of which 70% constituted filterable forms (<0.45 µm).
• Concentration levels of plutonium were one order of magnitude greater per kilogram of dried specimens vs. wet weight concentration.
• Total plutonium deposition ranged from 30 Bqm^-2 to 98 Bq m^-2 at three sampling locations.
• The highest concentration of Pu in sediment were probably due to the Vistula river, which delivered 192 MBq ^239,240Pu in 1989 to the Baltic Sea.
• Little impact from Chernobyl plutonium, unlike Chernobyl cesium.
• The concentration factor range was 600-27,100 in benthic animals and sea plants.

Carvalho, F.P. (1986). Radioactivity fallout in Portugal following the Chernobyl accident. Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia e Tecnologia Industrial, Saracem, Portugal.

• Almost none of the Chernobyl fallout reached Portugal compared to the rest of Europe. Within the Azore Islands, peak values of ¹³¹I in milk 1.5 Bq/l, and for ¹³⁷Cs 19 Bq/l.

Pourchet, M., Melieres, M. A., Silvestru, E., Rajka, G., Candaudap, F. and Carbonnel, J. P. (May 26-30, 1996). Radionuclides in a cave sediment core from Ghetarul de sub Zgurasti (Romania). 14th Intern. Symposium on Theoretical and Applied Karstology. Baile Herculane- Romania.

• "the transmission of pollution from the earth surface to remote areas like underground cave is very effective. To our knowledge it is the first time that such substantial contamination is revealed." (pg. 1).
• "The ¹³⁷Cs inventory relative to nuclear tests (estimated from the ⁹⁰Sr deposit) has been measured at Vienna (Austria) and is of 2.95 kBq.m^-2.y^-1. The Chernobyl ¹³⁷Cs deposition in Romania has been estimated at Cluj to be 4 kBq.m^-2, but shows in Romania a wide range of values from 0.2 to 8.5 kBq.m^-8." (pg. 2).

Abaturov, Y.D., Abaturov, A.V., Bykov, A.V., et al. (1996). The effect of ionizing irradiation on the pine forests in the nearest zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. ISBN 5-02-001918-6. M. Nauka. pp. 140.

• "Materials of researches in 1987-1992 over the territory adjacent to Chernobyl nuclear power plant are generalized in the monograph. A three-dimensional picture of area of irradiation damage of pine along the western trace of radioactive fall-outs is presented. The most important elements of irradiation situation during an active phase of the incident are reconstructed." (abstract).

Cooper, E.L., Zeiller, E., Ghods-Esphahani, A., Makarewicz, M., Schelenz, R., Frindik, O., Heilgeist, M. and Kalus, W. (1992). Radioactivity in food and total diet samples collected in selected settlements in the USSR. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 17(2+3). pg. 147-158.
 

1987	Novozybkov	Wild blueberries	137Cs	1240 Bq/kg wet weight
1987	Savici	Mushroom	137Cs	131,000 Bq/kg wet weight
1987	Daleta	Total dietary intake per kg of food	137Cs	6,370 Bq/kg total diet average
1987	Daleta	Total dietary intake	Total alpha	1300 µBq/g (1.3 Bq/kg) dry weight

• Daleta, an area with the "lowest" surface contamination, had ¹³⁷Cs deposition levels of 1-5 Ci km² (37,000 to 185,000 Bq/M²).

• The annotations of this text are in the section on Russian nuclear power plants.

Fleishman, D.G., Nikiforov, V.A., Saulus, A.A. and Komov, V.T. (1992). ¹³⁷Cs in fish of some lakes and rivers of the Bryansk region and north-west Russia in 1990-1992. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 24(2). pg. 145-158.

• The highest levels of ¹³⁷Cs ranged up to 15,000-21,000 Bq/kg wet weight. (pg. 145).
• "Fish from lakes generally contained more ¹³⁷Cs (up to about ten times) than those from rivers, both in the heavily contaminated zone and in the lightly contaminated regions." (pg. 145).
• "Between 1990 and 1992 there was no significant general decrease of ¹³⁷Cs content in fish." (pg. 145).

• "Using published NRPB information, an acceptance level with 30 Bq/cm² (300,000 Bq/m²)... was adopted as the clearance level for clothing contamination on returning students." (pg. 820).
• "Most of the clothing showed positive indications of contamination but only 2% of the clothing monitored was in excess of the "clearance level." (pg. 821).
• Approximate thyroid radioactivity of 99 students reentering to the United Kingdom ranged from 800 Bq to 6,900 Bq with a maximum calculated intake on 26 April of 53,000 Bq.

Kliashtorn, A.L., Tikhomirov, F.A. and Shcheglov, A.I. (1984). Lysimetrical study of radionuclides in the forests around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. J. Environ. Radioactivity. 24. pg. 81-90.

• "Sum total accumulation deposition of the radionuclides (Ce-144; Cs-134,137; Ru-106; Sr-90) ranged from 90 MBq/m² to 0.5 Mbq/m² (90,000,000 Bq/m² - 500,000 Bq/m²)." (pg. 81).
• "It was shown that 0.01-0.6% of the total amount of radionuclides was lost from the 20-30 cm layer of soil every year depending on the type of radionuclide, type of ecosystem and the location of study plot." (pg. 207).

• "These values are 10²-10³ times higher than the global fallout." (pg. 189).

• "Some hundreds of kilometers from Chernobyl the level of soil contamination varies over several orders of magnitude and is sometimes higher than 1,000,000 Bq m^-2." (pg. 269).
• "TF (transfer) values decrease with increasing soil contamination levels, except a constant TF value is achieved in highly contaminated soil." (pg. 277).

• "The CNPP cooling pond... was formed by cutting off part of the Pripyat River plain with a dike." (pg. 209).
• "Reduction in the ¹³⁷Cs concentration proceeded slowly in most of the aquatic ecosystems." (pg. 207).

• "Fallout of ¹³⁷Cs in these regions [Rovno Oblast] of Ukraine was lower than in other regions of Ukraine. However, the transfer of ¹³⁷Cs from soil to milk in the region considered is high (up to 20 Bq L^-1 per kBq m^-2" (pg. 297).

• ¹³⁷Cs activities now measured in Ci km^-2 in litter, and per 0-2 and 5 cm units of soil depth.
• Peak concentration in litter: 12.3 Ci km^-2 (1 Ci/km²=37,000 Bq/m²).
• "The bulk of the activity occurs in the top 15 cm of the soil profile... Soil Profiles indicate no substantial differences for 1991 and 1992 suggesting that ¹³⁷Cs has a limited mobility." (pg. 259).

• Concentrations of ⁹⁰Sr in the Dnieper River, which drains the Pripjat River near Chernobyl, were up to ten times greater than cesium concentrations, "probably due to the ability of cesium to become absorbed on suspended particles... and the high solubility of strontium in fresh water." (pg. 36).

• ¹²⁹I 1/2T = 15.9 million years.
• "Moss species appear to be efficient collectors of the Chernobyl fallout in this region." (pg. 159).
• "Analyses of undisturbed soil cores indicated that the Chernobyl fallout was still concentrated in the upper several centimeters of soil as of August, 1990. Cesium-137 is the least mobile of all of the radionuclides measured." (pg. 159).

• "The sites, representing plowed and natural pastures, were located at varying distances between 50 and 650 km and varying directions from the Chernobyl reactor site." (pg. 518).
• "The ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations in the upper 0-5 cm soil layer ranged from 25-1,000 kBqm^-2 and were higher in natural pastures as compared to plowed pastures." (pg. 518).
• "For ⁹⁰Sr, activity levels ranged from 1.4-40 kBq m^-2" (pg. 518).

• "The results show that the uncertainty associated with official data on ¹³⁷Cs is relatively low." (pg. 211).

• "The body burdens of ¹³⁷Cs were measured in 74 children from Belrus who had been exposed to fallout from the Chernobyl accident...[who were]...visiting the Ottawa area during the summers of 1991 and 1992." (pg. 439).
• "The body burdens were related to some extent, with recorded fallout levels in the region of origin but did not appear to change significantly from 1991 to 1992." (pg. 439).
• "During their stay in Canada, radiocesium was being cleared from the children's bodies with a mean half-time of 33 d (range= 12-77 d)." (pg. 439).

van den Berg, G.J., Tyssen, T.P.M., Ammerlaan, M.J.J., Volkers, K.J., Woroniecka, U.D., de Bruin, M. and Wolterbeek, H. Th. (1992). J. Environ. Radioactivity. 17(2+3). pg. 115-128.
 

1986

Bragin

Lichen

137Cs

1,630,000 Bq/kg

• "The lichen ¹³⁷Cs levels are one to two orders of magnitude higher than levels determined in 1986 in Poland, Greece or the Netherlands." (pg. 115).
• "Averaged lichen ¹³⁷Cs levels (kBq kg^-1) are proportional to soil surface deposition (kBq m^-2), except for higher soil ¹³⁷Cs activity classes (>500 kBqm^-2), where lichen data may lead to underestimates of actual deposition." (pg. 128).